Condition
Refractive error
This condition has the following symptoms:
Blurred VisionEye StrainHeadachesSquintingDouble VisionDifficulty Seeing at NightOverview
Refractive error is a common vision problem where the eye cannot focus light correctly, leading to blurred vision. Basic symptoms include difficulty seeing clearly at certain distances, headaches, and eye strain. It can affect people of all ages, but it is often first noticed in children and young adults. Refractive errors are not life-threatening and do not affect mortality. Common treatments include wearing glasses or contact lenses, and in some cases, undergoing corrective laser surgery.
Short Overview
Symptoms
Symptoms of refractive error include blurred vision, where objects appear out of focus, affecting tasks that require clear sight. Eye strain is another symptom, characterized by discomfort or fatigue in the eyes, often accompanied by headaches or a feeling of heaviness. Frequent headaches, especially around the forehead or temples, can occur as the eyes work harder to focus. Double vision, or seeing two images of a single object, may also be experienced and can interfere with daily activities. Squinting and difficulty seeing at night are additional symptoms, with squinting being an unconscious attempt to improve focus and night vision challenges noticeable in low-light conditions.
Outlook and prognosis
The outlook for individuals with refractive error is generally positive, as it can be effectively managed with corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses, or through surgical options like laser eye surgery. Most people experience significant improvement in vision and quality of life with appropriate treatment. Regular eye examinations are recommended to monitor and adjust prescriptions as needed.
Causes and Risk Factors
Refractive error can arise from genetic predispositions, particularly if there is a family history of vision issues. Environmental influences, including extensive near work and limited exposure to natural light during childhood, may exacerbate the condition. Health conditions like diabetes can also impact eye health, potentially leading to refractive errors.
Genetic influences
Genetics and genetic variations play a significant role in the development of refractive error, influencing how the eye focuses light. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of refractive error are more likely to experience similar vision issues. Specific genetic variations can affect the shape and growth of the eye, contributing to the degree of refractive error. While environmental factors also contribute, genetic predisposition remains a key factor in determining the likelihood and severity of refractive error.
Diagnosis
Refractive error is diagnosed through eye examinations that assess how light bends as it passes through the eye, determining if corrective lenses are needed. These non-invasive tests involve specialized equipment to measure vision clarity and focus. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for prescribing the correct lenses to improve vision.
Treatment and Drugs
Refractive error is primarily corrected using glasses or contact lenses, which adjust the way light enters the eye to improve vision. In some cases, laser surgery can be performed to reshape the cornea, providing a more permanent solution. Pharmacological treatments, such as atropine eye drops, are sometimes used to manage specific aspects like slowing myopia progression in children, but they do not directly correct refractive errors.
Symptoms
Refractive error can lead to various symptoms that affect vision and overall eye comfort. These symptoms may vary in intensity and can impact daily activities such as reading, driving, or using digital devices. Early detection and correction are essential to prevent further complications and improve quality of life.
Blurred Vision: Blurred vision is a common symptom where objects appear out of focus. This can occur when looking at objects either close up or at a distance. It often leads to difficulty in performing tasks that require clear vision.
Eye Strain: Eye strain involves discomfort or fatigue in the eyes, especially after prolonged activities like reading or using a computer. It may be accompanied by headaches or a feeling of heaviness around the eyes. Taking regular breaks can help alleviate this symptom.
Headaches: Frequent headaches, particularly around the forehead or temples, can occur due to the eyes working harder to focus. These headaches often worsen with prolonged visual tasks. They can be relieved by correcting the refractive error with appropriate lenses.
Double Vision: Double vision, or seeing two images of a single object, can occur when the eyes are not properly aligned. This symptom can be temporary or persistent and may require medical attention. It can significantly interfere with daily activities.
Squinting: Squinting is a reflex action to see more clearly by reducing the amount of light entering the eyes. It is often an unconscious attempt to improve focus. Frequent squinting can indicate an underlying refractive error.
Difficulty Seeing at Night: Difficulty seeing at night, or night blindness, can make it challenging to drive or navigate in low-light conditions. This symptom is particularly noticeable when transitioning from bright to dim environments. It can be improved with corrective lenses.
How people usually first notice
Individuals often first notice refractive error when they experience blurred vision while trying to focus on objects at certain distances, such as difficulty reading road signs or holding books closer to see the text clearly. Other common signs include frequent squinting, eye strain, or headaches, especially after prolonged visual tasks like reading or using a computer. These symptoms may prompt individuals to seek an eye examination for further evaluation and correction.
Types of Refractive error
Refractive errors are common vision problems that occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina. These errors can lead to blurred vision, headaches, and eye strain. Each type of refractive error has distinct symptoms that affect vision differently.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, causes distant objects to appear blurry while close objects can be seen clearly. People with myopia may experience headaches and eye strain when trying to focus on distant objects. This condition often begins in childhood and can progress with age.
Hyperopia
Hyperopia, or farsightedness, results in difficulty focusing on close objects, while distant objects may be seen more clearly. Individuals with hyperopia may experience eye strain, headaches, and fatigue when reading or doing close work. This condition can be present from birth and may improve with age.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism causes blurred or distorted vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and difficulty seeing at night. Astigmatism can occur in combination with myopia or hyperopia.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is an age-related condition that affects the ability to focus on close objects, typically becoming noticeable in the early to mid-40s. Symptoms include difficulty reading small print, eye strain, and the need to hold reading materials at arm's length. Unlike other refractive errors, presbyopia is caused by the hardening of the lens inside the eye.
Did you know?
Certain genetic variations can lead to symptoms like blurry vision or difficulty focusing, as they affect eye shape and light-bending ability. These genetic changes can influence how the eye develops, impacting vision clarity and focus.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Causes and Risk Factors
Refractive error can be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A family history of vision problems increases the likelihood of developing refractive errors, suggesting a strong genetic component. Environmental factors such as prolonged close-up work, like reading or using digital devices, can contribute to the development or worsening of refractive errors. Insufficient exposure to natural light during childhood has also been associated with an increased risk. Additionally, certain health conditions, such as diabetes, can affect the eyes and lead to refractive errors.
Environmental and Biological Risk Factors
Refractive error can be influenced by various environmental and biological factors. These factors can affect the way light is bent as it enters the eye, leading to vision problems. Understanding these influences can help in managing and potentially mitigating the effects of refractive error. Environmental and biological factors are distinct from genetic and lifestyle influences, focusing on external and physiological conditions.
Exposure to Natural Light: Limited exposure to natural light, especially during childhood, can contribute to the development of refractive errors. Spending more time outdoors has been associated with a reduced risk of developing these vision issues. Natural light exposure is believed to help in the normal development of the eye.
Urbanization: Living in urban areas has been linked to a higher prevalence of refractive errors. Factors such as reduced outdoor activities and increased near work, like reading or using electronic devices, are more common in urban settings. These environmental conditions can affect eye development and lead to vision problems.
Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients, particularly during critical periods of eye development, can influence refractive errors. Nutrients such as vitamin A and omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining eye health. Deficiencies in these nutrients can impair normal eye function and development.
Intrauterine Environment: Conditions in the womb, such as maternal health and nutrition, can impact the development of the eye. Poor maternal nutrition or health issues during pregnancy can lead to developmental problems in the fetus, including those affecting the eyes. The intrauterine environment is crucial for the proper formation of the eye's structure.
Premature Birth: Being born prematurely can increase the risk of developing refractive errors. Premature infants often have underdeveloped eyes, which can lead to vision problems as they grow. Medical interventions and monitoring are essential to address these potential issues early on.
Genetic Risk Factors
Refractive error is influenced by various genetic factors that affect the eye's ability to focus light correctly. These genetic factors can be inherited from parents and may involve multiple genes. Research has identified several specific genes and genetic variations associated with refractive error. Understanding these genetic influences can help in identifying individuals at risk and developing potential interventions.
Gene PAX6: PAX6 is a gene that plays a crucial role in eye development. Mutations in this gene can lead to abnormalities in the eye's structure, contributing to refractive errors. It is one of the most studied genes in relation to eye conditions.
Gene MYOC: The MYOC gene is associated with the regulation of intraocular pressure. Variations in this gene have been linked to changes in eye shape, which can affect how light is focused. This gene is also studied in relation to other eye conditions.
Gene RASGRF1: RASGRF1 is involved in the signaling pathways that influence eye growth. Genetic variations in RASGRF1 have been associated with changes in eye size and shape, contributing to refractive errors. This gene's role highlights the complex genetic interactions that affect vision.
Gene ZNF644: ZNF644 has been identified as a gene that may influence eye growth and development. Mutations in this gene have been linked to refractive errors, particularly in how the eye lengthens. Research continues to explore its specific functions and interactions.
Gene GJD2: GJD2 is a gene that affects the communication between cells in the eye. Variations in this gene can disrupt normal eye development, leading to refractive errors. It is part of a network of genes that work together to maintain proper eye function.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Lifestyle Risk Factors
Lifestyle choices can significantly impact the development and progression of refractive errors. Factors such as diet, exercise, and screen time play a crucial role in maintaining eye health. A balanced lifestyle can help mitigate some of the risks associated with refractive errors. Understanding these factors can guide individuals in making informed decisions about their daily habits.
Diet: A diet lacking in essential nutrients, particularly those beneficial for eye health like vitamins A, C, and E, can contribute to refractive errors. Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids supports overall eye health. Poor dietary habits may exacerbate vision problems over time.
Exercise: Regular physical activity is important for maintaining overall health, including eye health. Sedentary lifestyles may contribute to the development of refractive errors. Exercise improves blood circulation, which can benefit the eyes.
Screen Time: Excessive screen time can strain the eyes and lead to the development of refractive errors. Taking regular breaks and practicing the 20-20-20 rule can help reduce eye strain. Limiting screen time, especially before bed, is beneficial for eye health.
Outdoor Activities: Spending time outdoors has been associated with a reduced risk of developing refractive errors. Natural light exposure is beneficial for eye development, especially in children. Engaging in outdoor activities can help balance the time spent on near tasks like reading or using electronic devices.
Risk Prevention
Preventing or reducing the risk of refractive error involves adopting healthy eye habits and lifestyle choices. While some factors like genetics cannot be controlled, there are several proactive steps individuals can take to support eye health. Regular eye check-ups and protective measures can play a significant role in maintaining optimal vision.
Regular Eye Examinations: Scheduling routine eye exams can help detect vision problems early and ensure that corrective measures are taken promptly. Early detection can prevent the progression of refractive errors and maintain eye health.
Proper Lighting: Ensuring adequate lighting while reading or working can reduce eye strain and prevent vision problems. Proper lighting helps maintain a comfortable environment for the eyes, reducing the risk of developing refractive errors.
Balanced Diet: Consuming a diet rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly those beneficial for eye health like Vitamin A, can support overall vision health. A balanced diet can help maintain the health of the eyes and reduce the risk of refractive errors.
Protective Eyewear: Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays can protect the eyes from harmful sunlight exposure. Protective eyewear can prevent damage to the eyes, which may contribute to refractive errors.
Limit Screen Time: Reducing the amount of time spent on digital devices can help prevent eye strain and fatigue. Taking regular breaks from screens can support eye health and reduce the risk of developing refractive errors.
Eye Exercises: Performing regular eye exercises can strengthen the eye muscles and improve focus. Eye exercises can help maintain flexibility and health of the eyes, potentially reducing the risk of refractive errors.
How effective is prevention
Prevention of refractive error can be effective through regular eye examinations, which allow for early detection and management of vision issues. Ensuring proper lighting while reading or working can reduce eye strain, while a balanced diet rich in eye-friendly nutrients supports overall eye health. Protective eyewear, such as sunglasses that block UV rays, can prevent damage from sunlight exposure. Limiting screen time and performing eye exercises can also help maintain eye health and reduce the risk of developing refractive errors.
Transmission
Refractive error is not an infectious condition and cannot be transferred from one person to another like a contagious disease. It is primarily caused by genetic factors, meaning it can be inherited from parents to their children. Environmental factors, such as prolonged close-up work or insufficient outdoor activities during childhood, may also contribute to its development. The likelihood of inheriting refractive error increases if one or both parents have the condition. However, it is important to note that it does not spread through contact or proximity to individuals with refractive error.
When to test your genes
Genetic testing is recommended when there is a family history of genetic disorders, unexplained symptoms that may have a genetic cause, or when planning a family to assess potential inherited conditions. It can also guide personalized treatment plans for certain diseases, such as cancer, by identifying specific genetic mutations.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Diagnosis
Refractive error is diagnosed through a series of eye examinations conducted by an eye care professional. These examinations assess how light rays are bent as they pass through the eye, determining if corrective lenses are needed. The tests are non-invasive and typically involve the use of specialized equipment to measure vision clarity and focus. Diagnosis is essential for prescribing the correct lenses to improve vision.
Visual Acuity Test: This test measures how well you can see at various distances. It typically involves reading letters on a chart placed at a specific distance. The results help determine the clarity of your vision.
Retinoscopy: During this test, a light is shone into the eye to observe the reflection off the retina. This helps in estimating the prescription needed for glasses or contact lenses. It is often used as a preliminary test for determining refractive error.
Refraction Test: This test involves looking through a device called a phoropter, which contains different lenses. The eye doctor changes the lenses to find the ones that provide the clearest vision. This test helps in determining the exact prescription for corrective lenses.
Keratometry: This test measures the curvature of the cornea, the eye's outer surface. It is crucial for fitting contact lenses and diagnosing astigmatism. The results help in understanding how the cornea contributes to refractive error.
Autorefractor Test: An autorefractor is a machine that automatically measures how light changes as it enters the eye. It provides an objective measurement of refractive error. This test is quick and provides a good starting point for determining the prescription.
Stages of Refractive error
Refractive error progresses through various stages, each characterized by different levels of vision impairment. The stages are determined by the degree to which the eye's ability to focus light is affected. These stages can vary in severity and may require different approaches for correction or management.
Mild Stage
In the mild stage, vision may be slightly blurred, especially at certain distances. Individuals may experience minor difficulties in seeing clearly, but it often does not significantly impact daily activities. Corrective lenses may be recommended to improve vision.
Moderate Stage
The moderate stage is marked by more noticeable vision impairment. Individuals may struggle with tasks such as reading or driving without corrective lenses. Regular use of glasses or contact lenses becomes necessary to maintain clear vision.
Severe Stage
In the severe stage, vision is significantly blurred, affecting most daily activities. Individuals often require strong prescription lenses to see clearly. In some cases, surgical intervention may be considered to correct the vision.
Very Severe Stage
The very severe stage involves extreme vision impairment, where even strong corrective lenses may not fully restore clear vision. Daily activities become challenging, and specialized visual aids or surgery may be needed. This stage often requires comprehensive management strategies to assist with vision.
Did you know about genetic testing?
Genetic testing can identify specific genes associated with the risk of developing refractive errors, allowing for early interventions that may slow progression or improve treatment outcomes. By understanding an individual's genetic predisposition, personalized strategies such as tailored vision correction or lifestyle adjustments can be implemented to manage or mitigate the condition effectively. Additionally, genetic insights can guide research into new therapies, potentially leading to more effective treatments in the future.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Outlook and Prognosis
The outlook for individuals with refractive error is generally positive, as it is a common and manageable condition. Most people can achieve clear vision with corrective measures such as glasses or contact lenses. These solutions are widely accessible and effective in addressing the vision issues caused by refractive errors. For those seeking a more permanent solution, surgical options like laser eye surgery are available and have high success rates, though they may not be suitable for everyone.
Refractive errors do not typically affect life expectancy or lead to mortality. They are not associated with life-threatening complications. However, if left uncorrected, they can impact quality of life by causing difficulties in daily activities, such as reading, driving, or recognizing faces. This can lead to challenges in educational and occupational settings, potentially affecting overall well-being.
Regular eye examinations are important to ensure that any changes in vision are promptly addressed. Early detection and correction can prevent the development of related issues, such as eye strain or headaches. In children, timely correction is crucial for proper visual development and can prevent long-term vision problems. Overall, with appropriate management, individuals with refractive error can lead normal, healthy lives without significant limitations.
Long Term Effects
Refractive error can lead to several long-term effects if left uncorrected or improperly managed. These effects can impact various aspects of vision and overall eye health. Addressing refractive error early can help mitigate these potential complications.
Visual Impairment: Persistent refractive error can result in significant visual impairment, affecting daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Over time, this can lead to a decreased quality of life and increased dependency on corrective lenses or other visual aids.
Eye Strain and Discomfort: Uncorrected refractive error often causes eye strain and discomfort, especially during activities that require prolonged focus, like using a computer or reading. This can lead to headaches, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.
Increased Risk of Eye Conditions: Individuals with uncorrected refractive error may have a higher risk of developing other eye conditions, such as amblyopia (lazy eye) or strabismus (crossed eyes). These conditions can further complicate vision and may require additional treatment.
Potential for Progressive Vision Loss: In some cases, refractive error can lead to progressive vision loss if not properly managed. This is particularly true for certain types of refractive errors that worsen over time, necessitating regular eye examinations and updates to corrective prescriptions.
How is it to live with Refractive error
Living with refractive error often involves challenges such as difficulty seeing clearly at various distances, which can affect activities like reading, driving, or recognizing faces. Individuals may rely on corrective lenses or surgery to manage these vision issues, which can be inconvenient and require regular maintenance or adjustments. The condition can also impact social interactions, as misreading visual cues or struggling with eye contact might occur. Family members and friends may need to offer support, such as helping with tasks that require sharp vision or understanding the limitations faced by those affected.
Treatment and Drugs
Refractive error is primarily corrected using glasses or contact lenses, which adjust the way light enters the eye to improve vision. For those seeking a more permanent solution, laser eye surgery can reshape the cornea to correct the error. In some cases, special eye drops like atropine may be used to slow the progression of certain types of refractive errors in children. These treatments are typically managed by eye care professionals to ensure safety and effectiveness. While medications like cyclopentolate and tropicamide are used during eye exams to aid in diagnosis, they do not treat refractive errors themselves.
Non-Drug Treatment
Non-pharmacological treatments for refractive error focus on improving vision through various methods that do not involve medication. These treatments aim to correct the way light enters the eye, thereby enhancing visual clarity. They are often used in conjunction with other methods to provide comprehensive care. Each treatment has its own unique approach to addressing vision issues.
Eyeglasses: Eyeglasses are the most common non-drug treatment for refractive errors. They work by bending light rays to focus more directly on the retina, improving vision. Different lens types are available to correct specific vision problems.
Contact Lenses: Contact lenses are worn directly on the eye and offer a wider field of vision than glasses. They function similarly by refracting light to focus it properly on the retina. Various types of contact lenses are available, including soft and rigid gas-permeable lenses.
Orthokeratology (Ortho-K): Orthokeratology involves wearing specially designed contact lenses overnight to temporarily reshape the cornea. This reshaping allows for clearer vision during the day without the need for glasses or contact lenses. It is often used for mild to moderate refractive errors.
Vision Therapy: Vision therapy is a personalized program of eye exercises designed to improve visual skills and processing. It is often used for children and can help with focusing, eye coordination, and eye movement control. The therapy is conducted under the supervision of an eye care professional.
Refractive Surgery: Refractive surgery includes procedures like LASIK and PRK that permanently change the shape of the cornea. These surgeries aim to reduce or eliminate the need for glasses or contact lenses. They are typically considered for individuals with stable vision prescriptions.
Did you know that drugs are influenced by genes?
Genetic factors can influence how individuals respond to drugs used for treating refractive errors, affecting both the effectiveness and potential side effects. Variations in genes related to eye development and drug metabolism may play a role in these differences.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Pharmacological Treatments
Pharmacological treatments for refractive errors are limited, as these conditions are primarily corrected through optical means such as glasses or contact lenses. However, certain medications can be used to manage symptoms or complications associated with refractive errors. These drugs are not direct treatments for the refractive error itself but can aid in improving comfort and eye health.
Atropine: Atropine eye drops are sometimes used to slow the progression of myopia in children. They work by relaxing the eye muscles and reducing eye strain. This treatment is typically used under the supervision of an eye care professional.
Cyclopentolate: Cyclopentolate is used to temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle of the eye, which helps in accurate measurement of refractive errors during an eye exam. It is not a treatment for refractive error but aids in the diagnostic process. The effects are temporary and wear off after a few hours.
Tropicamide: Tropicamide is another drug used to dilate the pupil and temporarily paralyze the eye's focusing muscles. This helps eye care professionals to examine the eye more thoroughly and determine the correct prescription for glasses or contact lenses. Like cyclopentolate, its effects are short-lived.
Genetic Influences
Genetics play a significant role in the development of refractive error, with numerous studies indicating that it often runs in families. Specific genes have been identified that influence the shape and length of the eye, which are critical factors in determining how light is focused on the retina. Variations in these genes can lead to differences in eye structure, affecting how well the eye can focus on objects at various distances. While environmental factors such as prolonged near work and limited outdoor activities also contribute, genetic predisposition is a major factor in determining an individual's likelihood of developing refractive error. Research continues to uncover the complex interactions between multiple genes and environmental influences, enhancing the understanding of how refractive error develops and progresses.
Gene variations
Genetic variations play a significant role in influencing the risk and severity of refractive errors. These variations can affect how the eye develops and functions, leading to differences in vision. Understanding these genetic influences can help in identifying individuals at higher risk and developing targeted interventions.
PAX6 Gene: The PAX6 gene is crucial for eye development and mutations in this gene can lead to various eye disorders, including refractive errors. Variations in PAX6 can affect the shape and size of the eye, influencing how light is focused on the retina.
GJD2 Gene: The GJD2 gene is associated with the development of the eye's refractive components. Variations in this gene have been linked to changes in eye size and shape, contributing to refractive errors.
ZFHX1B Gene: The ZFHX1B gene plays a role in the development of the eye's structural components. Mutations in this gene can lead to abnormalities in eye structure, affecting vision and increasing the risk of refractive errors.
Chromosome 15q14: A specific region on chromosome 15, known as 15q14, has been associated with refractive errors. Variations in this region can influence the development of the eye's optical components, impacting vision.
Chromosome 11p13: The region 11p13 on chromosome 11 has been linked to refractive errors. Genetic variations in this area can affect eye growth and development, leading to changes in how light is focused within the eye.
Variants that influence Refractive error based on Scientific Studies
Scientific studies classifications aim to uncover how genetic variants function and their roles in diseases, traits, and evolution. Variants are categorized based on their functional impact, such as loss-of-function (reduces gene activity), gain-of-function (increases gene activity), neutral (no significant impact), or evolutionary conservation. This classification uses experimental data, population studies, and computational analyses to understand variant effects. Unlike clinical testing, which focuses on immediate health impacts, scientific studies explore broader genetic mechanisms and long-term implications.
Variants that Affect Both Biological Males and Females
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 139958
The genotype with the letters G/G is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
G
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 139958
No available data
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 139958
The genotype with the letters G/G is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
G
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 139958
No available data
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
G
A
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 97382
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
G
A
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 97382
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
T
C
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
C
C
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 93662
The genotype with the letters C/C is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
T
C
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
C
C
Level of evidence
Reduced likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 93662
The genotype with the letters C/C is considered protective. Carriers of this genetic result are at reduced risk of developing the disease.
Variants that influence Refractive error
All variants that were shown to influence the risk of developing Refractive error are listed here.
Genes that influence Refractive error
All Genes, that contain variants, which were shown to influence the risk of developing Refractive error are listed here
Pharmacogenetics - how genetics influence drugs
Genetics play a significant role in determining how individuals respond to treatments for refractive error. Variations in certain genes can influence the development and progression of refractive error, affecting how well certain treatments, such as corrective lenses or surgical options, work for different people. While there are no specific drugs that directly treat refractive error, genetic factors can impact the effectiveness of medications used to manage associated conditions, such as eye strain or discomfort. Understanding an individual's genetic makeup can help eye care professionals tailor treatment plans more effectively, potentially improving outcomes. Genetic research continues to explore how these variations can be used to develop more personalized approaches to managing refractive error in the future.
Drugs influenced by genetics
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Interactions with other diseases
Refractive error can interact with various other health conditions, influencing both eye health and overall well-being. For instance, individuals with diabetes may experience fluctuations in their refractive error due to changes in blood sugar levels, which can affect the shape of the eye's lens. Additionally, certain genetic syndromes that affect the connective tissues of the body, such as Marfan syndrome, can also impact the development and progression of refractive error. There is also evidence suggesting that individuals with refractive error may have a higher risk of developing other eye conditions, such as glaucoma or cataracts, which can further affect vision. Understanding these interactions is important for managing eye health, especially in individuals with underlying health conditions.
Special Life Conditions
During pregnancy, hormonal changes can lead to fluid retention, which may temporarily alter the shape of the eye, causing fluctuations in vision. In older adults, the natural aging process can exacerbate vision issues as the eye's lens becomes less flexible, making it harder to focus on nearby objects. Children may experience difficulties in school if their vision problems go undiagnosed, as they might struggle to see the board or read books clearly. Active athletes might find that vision issues affect their performance, particularly in sports requiring precise hand-eye coordination, such as tennis or baseball. Each of these life conditions can uniquely influence how individuals experience and manage their vision challenges.
History
The history of refractive error dates back to ancient times, with early evidence suggesting that people have long struggled with vision problems. The first recorded attempts to address these issues can be traced to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, who used polished crystals and glass to magnify objects. However, it was not until the 13th century that significant progress was made. In Italy, the invention of spectacles marked a pivotal moment in the understanding and management of refractive errors. These early spectacles were simple convex lenses used primarily to aid those with difficulty seeing up close.
The understanding of refractive errors evolved significantly during the Renaissance, a period marked by scientific inquiry and discovery. The work of astronomers and physicists, such as Johannes Kepler in the 17th century, laid the groundwork for understanding how the eye focuses light. Kepler's studies on optics and the behavior of light provided insights into how lenses could correct vision by altering the path of light entering the eye.
The 19th century saw further advancements with the development of more precise optical instruments. The invention of the ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851 allowed for the examination of the interior of the eye, providing a better understanding of its structure and function. This period also saw the introduction of cylindrical lenses to correct astigmatism, a specific type of refractive error.
The impact of refractive errors on mankind has been profound, affecting millions of people worldwide. Historically, those with uncorrected vision problems faced significant challenges in daily life, from limited educational opportunities to reduced productivity. The widespread availability of corrective lenses in the 20th century dramatically improved quality of life for many, enabling individuals to participate more fully in society.
The discovery of surgical treatments for refractive errors began in the mid-20th century. Radial keratotomy, developed in the 1970s, was one of the first procedures aimed at reshaping the cornea to improve vision. However, it was the advent of laser technology that revolutionized treatment. In the 1980s, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was introduced, followed by the more advanced LASIK procedure in the 1990s. These laser-based surgeries offered a more precise and less invasive means of correcting refractive errors, quickly gaining popularity due to their effectiveness and relatively quick recovery times.
Current research in the field of refractive error is focused on improving existing treatments and exploring new possibilities. Advances in laser technology continue to refine surgical techniques, making them safer and more accessible. Additionally, researchers are investigating the genetic basis of refractive errors, aiming to understand the hereditary factors that contribute to these conditions. This research holds the potential for developing preventive strategies and personalized treatments in the future.
Innovations in contact lens technology are also underway, with the development of lenses that can slow the progression of certain refractive errors in children. Furthermore, the exploration of smart lenses, which incorporate electronic components to enhance vision, represents an exciting frontier in vision correction. As research progresses, the hope is to provide more effective and tailored solutions for individuals with refractive errors, improving their quality of life and reducing the global burden of vision impairment.