Drugs
ACETAMINOPHEN
Overview
Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is a common over-the-counter medication used to relieve pain and reduce fever. It's often found in many prescription and non-prescription drugs, including those for colds, flu, and sleeplessness. While generally safe at recommended doses, excessive use can lead to liver damage or even failure. It's important to follow dosage instructions and avoid combining it with alcohol or other drugs that can also harm the liver. Despite its widespread use, the exact mechanism of how acetaminophen works is not fully understood.
Short Overview
Interactions with other Drugs
Acetaminophen can interact with certain medications, altering their effectiveness or increasing side effects. For instance, it may enhance the blood-thinning effect of anticoagulants, potentially leading to bleeding complications. Additionally, chronic use of alcohol or medications for seizures and tuberculosis may increase the risk of liver damage when combined with Acetaminophen.
Genetic Influences
Genetic factors can influence the way Acetaminophen works in the body, including its effectiveness and potential side effects. Specific genes, such as CYP2E1, UGT1A1, and ABCB1, play crucial roles in how the body metabolizes, detoxifies, and distributes the drug. Variations in these genes can alter these processes, potentially affecting the drug's performance and the risk of side effects.
Genetic Influences
The effectiveness, dosage, and potential side effects of Acetaminophen can be influenced by certain genetic factors. These genetic influences can affect how an individual's body processes the drug, potentially impacting its efficacy and safety. Understanding these genetic influences can help healthcare professionals personalize treatment plans for optimal results.
CYP2E1 gene: This gene plays a key role in metabolizing Acetaminophen in the liver. Variations can affect how quickly the body breaks down and eliminates the drug, potentially impacting its effectiveness and the risk of side effects.
UGT1A1 gene: This gene is involved in the process of detoxifying Acetaminophen. Genetic differences can influence the rate at which the drug is detoxified, which can affect the drug's effectiveness and the individual's susceptibility to side effects.
ABCB1 gene: This gene helps regulate the distribution of Acetaminophen within the body. Variations can influence how much of the drug reaches its target sites, potentially affecting its effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects.
rs8330
located on UGT1A1 gene
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype C/C have increased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype C/G have decreased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype G/G have decreased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs224534
located on TRPV1 gene
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype A/A have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype A/G have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype G/G have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs1042028
located on SULT1A1 gene
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype C/C have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype C/T have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype T/T have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
Level of evidence
More info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs8330
located on UGT1A1 gene
Genotype
Level of evidence
Effect
Summary
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype C/C have increased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype C/G have decreased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype G/G have decreased Side Effects to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs224534
located on TRPV1 gene
Genotype
Level of evidence
Effect
Summary
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype A/A have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype A/G have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype G/G have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs1042028
located on SULT1A1 gene
Genotype
Level of evidence
Effect
Summary
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype C/C have increased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype C/T have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype T/T have decreased Drug Effect to ACETAMINOPHEN.
more info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
It is essential for healthcare providers to consider individual patient factors and understand their specefic genetic profiles to make personalized treatment decisions with ACETAMINOPHEN
Variants that influence ACETAMINOPHEN
Genes that influence ACETAMINOPHEN
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Indication & Usage
Acetaminophen is primarily used to alleviate pain and reduce fever. It is effective in treating conditions such as headaches, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers. It can also be used for minor pain relief following medical procedures or during recovery from injury. Despite its widespread use, it is important to note that Acetaminophen does not reduce inflammation, unlike some other over-the-counter pain relievers. It is also not suitable for all types of pain, particularly those associated with nerve damage.
Usage of ACETAMINOPHEN
Acetaminophen is primarily used to alleviate pain and reduce fever. It operates by influencing the areas of our brain that perceive pain and regulate body temperature. This medication is often utilized for temporary relief from minor aches and pains due to conditions such as the common cold, flu, headaches, and toothaches. It can also be used to manage pain from conditions like arthritis when prescribed by a healthcare professional. Despite its widespread use, it's crucial to follow the recommended guidelines to avoid potential side effects.
When not to use ACETAMINOPHEN
Acetaminophen should be used with caution in individuals with liver disease or a history of alcohol abuse, as it can exacerbate these conditions. It is also not recommended for those with severe kidney disease. Pregnant women should consult their healthcare provider before using this medication, as it can potentially affect the developing fetus. Additionally, individuals with certain genetic conditions that affect the body's ability to metabolize drugs may require lower dosages. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting or changing the dosage of any medication.
Storage of ACETAMINOPHEN
Acetaminophen should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat. It is crucial to keep it out of reach of children to prevent accidental ingestion. For transportation, it should be kept in its original, tightly sealed container to protect it from moisture and damage. It is not recommended to store this medication in the bathroom or near a sink due to humidity. If the product has expired or is no longer needed, it should be disposed of properly, following local regulations.
Side Effects
While Acetaminophen is generally safe when taken as directed, it can cause several side effects. These can range from mild to severe, and may occur immediately or only after long-term use. It's important to be aware of these potential side effects, as some may require medical attention. The following list provides an overview of the most significant side effects associated with Acetaminophen use.
Skin reactions: These can occur in some individuals and range from mild to severe. In rare cases, they can be life-threatening. If you notice any changes in your skin after taking the medication, seek medical attention immediately.
Liver damage: This can occur, especially when taken in high doses or over a long period of time. Symptoms include yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and severe nausea or vomiting. If you experience these symptoms, contact a healthcare professional immediately.
Gastrointestinal issues: These issues such as nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain can occur at any time during use and may be a sign of a more serious problem. If these symptoms persist, it's important to seek medical advice.
Allergic reactions: In rare cases, severe allergic reactions can occur. Symptoms can include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, and severe dizziness. If you experience any of these symptoms after taking the medication, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Historical Perspective
Acetaminophen, a widely used pain reliever and fever reducer, has a rich history dating back to the 19th century. Its origins can be traced to a compound called phenacetin, discovered by a German chemist in 1886. However, phenacetin was later found to have harmful side effects, leading scientists to search for safer alternatives. In 1893, another German chemist synthesized Acetaminophen, but it wasn't until the mid-20th century that its therapeutic properties were recognized. In the 1950s, a team of researchers at McNeil Laboratories in the United States rediscovered Acetaminophen and began studying its potential. By 1955, they had developed a product for children, which was later adapted for adults. Today, Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used medications worldwide, appreciated for its efficacy and safety profile when used as directed.