Drugs
AMOXICILLIN
Overview
Amoxicillin is a common antibiotic often prescribed by doctors to treat various bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria in the body. This medication is typically taken orally and is available in different forms such as tablets, capsules, and liquid. Despite its effectiveness, it's important to note that it doesn't work against viral infections like the common cold or flu. Side effects can include upset stomach, diarrhea, and in rare cases, allergic reactions.
Short Overview
Indications & Usage
Interactions with other Drugs
Amoxicillin can interact with certain medications, altering their effectiveness or increasing side effects. For instance, it can reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives, potentially leading to unintended pregnancy. Additionally, when combined with drugs like allopurinol, used for gout, it may increase the risk of skin rash.
Genetic Influences
Genetic factors can influence the effectiveness and side effects of Amoxicillin by affecting how the body processes the drug. Key genes involved include CYP2D6, which affects how quickly the body breaks down and removes Amoxicillin, ABCB1, which influences how much Amoxicillin is transported out of cells, and SLCO1B1, which impacts how much Amoxicillin is transported into the liver for metabolism. While these genetic factors can influence the drug's action, they do not definitively determine an individual's response to Amoxicillin.
Genetic Influences
The effectiveness and side effects of Amoxicillin, a commonly used antibiotic, can be influenced by certain genetic factors. These genetic influences can affect how an individual's body processes the medication, which can in turn impact the drug's efficacy and potential side effects. It's important to note that while these genetic factors can influence how Amoxicillin works, they do not determine with certainty an individual's response to the drug. Here are some key genes that play a role:
CYP2D6: This gene is involved in the metabolism of many drugs, including Amoxicillin. Variations in it can affect how quickly the body breaks down and removes Amoxicillin, which can influence the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects.
ABCB1: This gene codes for a protein that helps transport certain drugs out of cells. Variations in it can affect how much Amoxicillin is transported out of cells, which can influence the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects.
SLCO1B1: This gene is involved in the transport of drugs from the blood into the liver, where they are metabolized. Variations in it can affect how much Amoxicillin is transported into the liver, which can influence the drug's effectiveness and potential side effects.
rs9274407
located on HLA-DQB1 gene
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype A/A have increased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype A/T have increased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
Level of evidence
More info
Genotype
Impacts
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Summary
Individuals with the genotype T/T have decreased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
Level of evidence
More info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
rs9274407
located on HLA-DQB1 gene
Genotype
Level of evidence
Effect
Summary
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype A/A have increased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype A/T have increased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
more info
Breakdown
Drug Effect
Side Effects
Dosage
Individuals with the genotype T/T have decreased Side Effects to AMOXICILLIN.
more info
Legend:
Increased
Decreased
No known effect
It is essential for healthcare providers to consider individual patient factors and understand their specefic genetic profiles to make personalized treatment decisions with AMOXICILLIN
Variants that influence AMOXICILLIN
Genes that influence AMOXICILLIN
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Indication & Usage
Amoxicillin is primarily used to treat bacterial infections, including those affecting the ear, nose, and throat, such as sinusitis and tonsillitis. It is also effective against infections of the skin and soft tissues, as well as urinary tract infections. In addition, it is used to treat certain types of pneumonia and bronchitis. Amoxicillin can also be used in combination with other medications to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Lastly, it is used as a preventive measure for heart infections in people undergoing certain dental or surgical procedures.
Usage of AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria in the body. This medication is often used to treat infections of the ear, nose, throat, urinary tract, and skin. It's important to note that it is ineffective against viral infections like the common cold or flu. Always remember, misuse or overuse of any antibiotic can lead to its decreased effectiveness.
When not to use AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin should be used with caution in individuals with kidney problems, as the body may not be able to process the drug effectively, potentially leading to an overdose. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult their healthcare provider before taking this medication, as it can pass into breast milk and may harm the baby. Those with a history of allergic reactions to antibiotics, particularly penicillin or cephalosporin, should avoid Amoxicillin due to the risk of severe allergic reactions. Lastly, individuals with mononucleosis, also known as "mono", are advised not to take Amoxicillin, as it can lead to a skin rash.
Storage of AMOXICILLIN
Amoxicillin should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat. It is crucial to keep it in its original packaging until it is time to use it. For transportation, it should be kept at room temperature, avoiding extreme cold or hot conditions. If liquid amoxicillin is used, it should be refrigerated, but never frozen. Always ensure the medication is out of reach of children and pets.
Side Effects
Amoxicillin, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, can have several side effects. While many people tolerate the medication well, others may experience discomfort. The side effects can range from mild to severe, and it's important to contact a healthcare professional if they persist or worsen. Here are some of the most common side effects associated with Amoxicillin.
Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can occur shortly after taking the medication and may be accompanied by a general feeling of discomfort.
Diarrhea: It can occur at any time while taking Amoxicillin and may persist for a few days even after stopping the medication.
Skin rash: This can range from mild redness and itching to a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis.
Dizziness: It can cause a feeling of unsteadiness, making it difficult to stand or walk.
Abdominal pain: This discomfort can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by bloating or a feeling of fullness.
Historical Perspective
Amoxicillin, a widely used antibiotic, has a rich history that dates back to the mid-20th century. Its story begins with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Over the years, scientists realized that while penicillin was effective, it had limitations. In response, researchers at Beecham Research Laboratories in the United Kingdom began working on developing a more potent antibiotic. Their efforts led to the creation of ampicillin in the 1960s, which was a significant improvement but still had room for enhancement. The quest for a better antibiotic continued, and by 1972, amoxicillin was introduced. It was found to be more effective and better absorbed in the body than its predecessor, ampicillin. Since then, amoxicillin has become a staple in treating a variety of bacterial infections, proving its worth in the medical field.