Condition
Kawasaki disease
This condition has the following symptoms:
High FeverRashSwollen Lymph NodesRed EyesRed, Cracked LipsSwollen Hands and FeetIrritabilityOverview
Kawasaki disease is an illness that primarily affects children under the age of 5 and causes inflammation in the walls of some blood vessels in the body. Common symptoms include a high fever lasting more than five days, red eyes, a rash, swollen hands and feet, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. The disease typically lasts for about 12 days but can lead to serious heart complications if not treated promptly. The mortality rate is low with proper treatment, which usually involves administering high doses of aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce inflammation and prevent heart damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to minimize the risk of long-term heart issues.
Short Overview
Symptoms
Kawasaki disease symptoms include a persistent high fever lasting more than five days, which does not respond well to typical fever-reducing medications. A widespread rash may appear on the torso and groin area, often accompanied by peeling skin. Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, can be tender to the touch. Bloodshot eyes without discharge, known as conjunctivitis, are common, along with dry, red, and cracked lips, sometimes accompanied by a swollen, red tongue. Swelling of the hands and feet, often with reddish-purple discoloration, and increased irritability, especially in young children, are also observed.
Outlook and prognosis
Most children with Kawasaki disease recover fully, especially when treated promptly with medications like aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin. However, some may develop heart complications, which require ongoing monitoring and care. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the long-term outlook.
Causes and Risk Factors
Kawasaki disease is thought to arise from a mix of genetic and environmental influences, with potential triggers including infections that may activate the condition in children who are genetically predisposed. Risk factors encompass being younger than five years old, with a higher incidence in boys compared to girls, and a greater prevalence among children of Asian descent, especially those with Japanese or Korean backgrounds. Seasonal trends indicate a higher occurrence during winter and early spring.
Genetic influences
Genetics and genetic variations play a significant role in Kawasaki disease, as certain genes may influence an individual's susceptibility to the condition. Studies have identified specific genetic markers that are more common in affected individuals, suggesting a hereditary component. Family history can also be a factor, with siblings of affected children having a higher risk. However, environmental factors and infections are also believed to contribute to the disease's development.
Diagnosis
Kawasaki disease is diagnosed through clinical evaluation, focusing on a persistent fever lasting at least five days and the presence of four out of five specific symptoms, including rash, swollen lymph nodes, red eyes, red lips or tongue, and swollen hands or feet. Blood tests, urinalysis, and imaging tests like echocardiograms and chest X-rays are used to rule out other conditions and assess potential heart complications. There is no specific laboratory test for Kawasaki disease, so diagnosis relies on symptom assessment and medical history.
Treatment and Drugs
Kawasaki disease is treated primarily with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and high-dose aspirin to reduce inflammation, fever, and the risk of heart complications. If patients do not respond to these treatments, corticosteroids or infliximab may be used to further manage inflammation. In treatment-resistant cases, cyclosporine might be considered to suppress the immune system's activity.
Symptoms
Kawasaki disease primarily affects children and can lead to serious heart complications if not treated. It is characterized by a high fever lasting more than five days and a range of other symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage. The symptoms can vary but often include the following:
High Fever: A persistent fever that lasts for more than five days and does not respond well to typical fever-reducing medications.
Rash: A widespread rash that can appear on the torso and groin area, often accompanied by peeling skin.
Swollen Lymph Nodes: Enlarged lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, which may be tender to the touch.
Red Eyes: Bloodshot eyes without any discharge, a condition known as conjunctivitis.
Red, Cracked Lips: Lips that are dry, red, and cracked, sometimes accompanied by a swollen, red tongue.
Swollen Hands and Feet: Swelling of the hands and feet, often with a reddish-purple discoloration.
Irritability: Increased irritability and fussiness, especially in young children.
How people usually first notice
Kawasaki disease is often first noticed through a high fever lasting more than five days, which does not respond well to typical fever-reducing medications. Additional early signs include redness in the eyes, a rash on the body, and swelling or redness of the hands and feet. Other symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes in the neck and irritation or inflammation of the mouth, lips, and throat.
Types of Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease can present in different forms, each with its own set of symptoms. The variations primarily differ in the severity and combination of symptoms, which can affect the diagnosis and treatment approach. Understanding these variations is crucial for identifying the disease early and managing it effectively.
Classic Kawasaki Disease
Characterized by prolonged fever, rash, red eyes, swollen lymph nodes, and inflammation of the mouth, lips, and throat. It is the most common form and typically affects children under the age of 5. Early treatment is essential to prevent heart complications.
Incomplete Kawasaki Disease
Presents with some, but not all, of the classic symptoms, making it harder to diagnose. Patients may not exhibit the full range of symptoms, such as the characteristic rash or swollen lymph nodes. This form requires careful evaluation to avoid misdiagnosis.
Atypical Kawasaki Disease
Occurs when symptoms deviate from the classic presentation, often affecting older children. Symptoms may include gastrointestinal issues or joint pain, which are not typical of the classic form. This variation can lead to delays in diagnosis due to its unusual symptom profile.
Did you know?
Certain genetic variations are linked to symptoms like prolonged fever and inflammation in Kawasaki disease. These variations can affect the immune system's response, leading to the characteristic symptoms observed in affected individuals.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some researchers suggest that an infection, possibly viral or bacterial, might trigger the disease in genetically susceptible children. Risk factors include being under the age of five, with boys being slightly more affected than girls. The disease is more common in children of Asian descent, particularly those of Japanese or Korean heritage. Seasonal patterns have been observed, with cases more frequently occurring in winter and early spring.
Environmental and Biological Risk Factors
Kawasaki disease is influenced by various environmental and biological factors. These factors can trigger the immune system in ways that may lead to the disease. Understanding these factors can help in identifying potential risks and preventive measures. The following are some of the known environmental and biological risk factors associated with Kawasaki disease.
Seasonal Variation: Kawasaki disease cases often peak during certain seasons, particularly in winter and spring. This suggests that environmental factors related to these seasons, such as viral infections, might play a role in triggering the disease.
Infectious Agents: Exposure to certain viruses and bacteria has been considered a potential trigger for Kawasaki disease. Although no specific pathogen has been definitively linked, the presence of infectious agents during outbreaks suggests a possible connection.
Air Pollution: Some studies have suggested a link between air pollution and an increased risk of Kawasaki disease. Pollutants in the air may affect the immune system, potentially leading to the development of the disease.
Geographical Location: The incidence of Kawasaki disease varies by geographical location, with higher rates observed in certain regions. This variation may be due to environmental factors unique to those areas, such as climate or local infectious agents.
Genetic Risk Factors
Kawasaki disease has been linked to several genetic factors that may increase susceptibility. Research suggests that certain genes involved in the immune system and inflammation may play a role in the development of the disease. Genetic predisposition is thought to interact with other factors to trigger the condition. Understanding these genetic components can help in identifying individuals at higher risk.
ITPKC gene: Variations in the ITPKC gene have been associated with an increased risk of Kawasaki disease. This gene is involved in regulating calcium levels in cells, which is important for immune system function. Alterations in this gene may lead to an overactive immune response.
CASP3 gene: The CASP3 gene, which is involved in the process of programmed cell death, has been linked to Kawasaki disease. Changes in this gene may affect how cells die and are replaced, potentially leading to prolonged inflammation. This prolonged inflammation is a characteristic of Kawasaki disease.
FCGR2A gene: The FCGR2A gene encodes a protein that plays a role in the immune response by binding to antibodies. Variants of this gene have been associated with an increased risk of Kawasaki disease. These variants may alter the immune response, contributing to the disease's development.
HLA region: Certain alleles in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region have been linked to Kawasaki disease. The HLA region is crucial for the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self. Specific genetic variations in this region may predispose individuals to an exaggerated immune response.
CD40 gene: The CD40 gene is involved in the regulation of immune responses. Variants in this gene have been associated with Kawasaki disease, potentially affecting how the immune system responds to infections. This can lead to an increased risk of developing the disease.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Lifestyle Risk Factors
Lifestyle factors can play a role in the risk of developing Kawasaki disease, although they are not as well-defined as genetic or environmental factors. Diet and exercise are two areas that have been explored in relation to this condition. While there is no specific diet or exercise regimen known to prevent Kawasaki disease, maintaining a healthy lifestyle may contribute to overall well-being and potentially reduce risks associated with various health conditions.
Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins supports overall health and may help in maintaining a strong immune system. Avoiding excessive consumption of processed foods and sugars is advisable. While no specific dietary components are directly linked to Kawasaki disease, a healthy diet is beneficial for general health.
Exercise: Regular physical activity is important for maintaining cardiovascular health and supporting the immune system. Engaging in age-appropriate exercise can contribute to overall well-being. Although exercise is not directly linked to Kawasaki disease prevention, it is a key component of a healthy lifestyle.
Risk Prevention
Preventing Kawasaki disease involves minimizing exposure to potential environmental triggers and maintaining a healthy immune system. While the exact cause of Kawasaki disease is not fully understood, certain measures can be taken to potentially reduce the risk. These measures focus on general health practices and avoiding known risk factors.
Maintain a Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can support a strong immune system. Proper nutrition helps the body fight off infections and reduces inflammation.
Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in regular exercise can boost overall health and strengthen the immune system. Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of chronic diseases.
Avoid Exposure to Infections: Limiting contact with sick individuals and practicing good hygiene can reduce the risk of infections. Frequent handwashing and avoiding crowded places during outbreaks are effective strategies.
Stay Up-to-Date with Vaccinations: Vaccinations can protect against certain infections that may trigger immune responses. Keeping immunizations current is an important preventive measure.
Monitor Environmental Factors: Being aware of environmental pollutants and allergens can help in reducing exposure. Using air purifiers and avoiding areas with high pollution levels may be beneficial.
How effective is prevention
Preventing Kawasaki disease is challenging due to its unclear cause, but certain health practices may help reduce risk. Maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding exposure to infections are recommended strategies. Staying up-to-date with vaccinations and monitoring environmental factors can also be beneficial. These measures aim to support a strong immune system and minimize potential environmental triggers.
Transmission
Kawasaki disease is not known to be contagious, meaning it does not spread from person to person like a cold or the flu. The exact cause of Kawasaki disease remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Researchers have not identified any specific virus or bacteria responsible for its transmission. It primarily affects children, and while clusters of cases can occur, these are not due to direct transmission between individuals. The disease's non-contagious nature suggests that it does not spread through typical infectious pathways.
When to test your genes
Genetic testing for early detection or personalized care is recommended if there is a family history of genetic disorders, unexplained symptoms that suggest a genetic cause, or when planning a family to assess potential risks. It can also be useful for tailoring treatments based on individual genetic profiles. Consulting with a healthcare professional is advised before testing.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Diagnosis
Kawasaki disease is diagnosed primarily through clinical evaluation, as there is no specific laboratory test for it. Physicians rely on a combination of symptoms and medical history to make a diagnosis. The disease is characterized by a set of clinical criteria that must be met for a diagnosis to be confirmed. Additional tests may be conducted to rule out other conditions and assess the impact on the heart.
Clinical Criteria: Diagnosis is based on the presence of fever lasting at least five days and four out of five specific symptoms, such as rash, swollen lymph nodes, red eyes, red lips or tongue, and swollen hands or feet.
Blood Tests: Blood tests may be conducted to check for signs of inflammation and other abnormalities. These tests help rule out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms.
Echocardiogram: An echocardiogram is used to examine the heart and check for any damage to the coronary arteries. This test is important to assess the risk of heart complications associated with Kawasaki disease.
Urinalysis: A urinalysis may be performed to look for signs of infection or other abnormalities. This test helps in ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms.
Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray might be done to examine the heart and lungs. It helps in identifying any complications that may have arisen due to the disease.
Stages of Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific symptoms and clinical features. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent complications. The stages are typically divided into acute, subacute, and convalescent phases.
Acute Phase
This stage lasts for about 1 to 2 weeks and is marked by a high fever that lasts more than five days. Other symptoms include red eyes, a rash, swollen hands and feet, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Irritability and redness of the lips and tongue are also common.
Subacute Phase
This stage occurs after the fever subsides and lasts until about the fourth week. Symptoms may include peeling skin on the hands and feet, joint pain, and abdominal pain. The risk of coronary artery aneurysms is highest during this phase.
Convalescent Phase
This final stage begins when symptoms disappear and continues until laboratory tests return to normal, usually around the 6th to 8th week. The child gradually returns to normal activities. However, monitoring for heart complications continues during this phase.
Did you know about genetic testing?
Genetic testing can help identify children who are at a higher risk of developing Kawasaki disease, allowing for earlier monitoring and intervention. Early detection through genetic insights can lead to timely treatment, potentially reducing the risk of complications. Understanding genetic predispositions also aids in tailoring specific treatments to improve outcomes for affected individuals.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Outlook and Prognosis
The outlook for individuals with Kawasaki disease is generally positive, especially with timely diagnosis and treatment. Most children recover fully without long-term effects when treated promptly with medications like intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. However, the disease can lead to complications, particularly affecting the heart. About 20% of untreated cases may develop coronary artery aneurysms, which are bulges in the walls of the heart's arteries. With appropriate treatment, the risk of these complications drops significantly to less than 5%.
Long-term monitoring of heart health is often recommended for those who have experienced heart complications. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider can help manage and mitigate potential risks. Mortality rates associated with Kawasaki disease are low, estimated at less than 0.5% in developed countries. Most fatalities, when they occur, are due to heart-related complications. Early intervention is crucial in reducing the risk of severe outcomes. Overall, with proper medical care, the prognosis for Kawasaki disease is favorable, and most children lead healthy lives post-recovery.
Long Term Effects
Kawasaki disease can lead to several long-term effects, particularly affecting the heart and blood vessels. These effects may persist even after the acute phase of the illness has resolved. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers is often necessary to monitor and manage these potential complications.
Coronary Artery Aneurysms: These are bulges in the walls of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. They can lead to serious complications such as heart attacks if not monitored and managed properly. Children with Kawasaki disease are at risk of developing these aneurysms, especially if the disease is not treated promptly.
Myocardial Infarction: This is another term for a heart attack, which can occur if a coronary artery aneurysm ruptures or becomes blocked. It is a rare but serious complication that requires immediate medical attention. Long-term monitoring of heart health is crucial for those who have had Kawasaki disease.
Heart Valve Problems: Kawasaki disease can sometimes affect the heart valves, leading to issues such as valve leakage or narrowing. These problems can affect how well the heart functions and may require medical or surgical intervention. Regular cardiac evaluations are important to detect and manage these issues early.
Peripheral Artery Changes: Changes in the peripheral arteries, which are the blood vessels outside of the heart, can also occur. These changes can affect blood flow to various parts of the body and may require ongoing medical care. Monitoring and managing these changes is important to prevent further complications.
Long-term Inflammation: Some individuals may experience ongoing inflammation even after the acute phase of Kawasaki disease has passed. This can affect various organs and tissues in the body, leading to chronic health issues. Managing inflammation through medication and lifestyle changes may be necessary.
How is it to live with Kawasaki disease
Living with Kawasaki disease can involve managing symptoms such as fever, rash, and swollen glands, which may require regular medical check-ups and treatments to prevent complications. Daily life might be affected by fatigue and discomfort, necessitating adjustments in activities and routines, especially during the acute phase of the illness. Family members and caregivers may experience emotional and logistical challenges as they provide support and care, which can impact their daily lives and responsibilities. Social interactions and school attendance for children might be temporarily disrupted, requiring understanding and flexibility from peers and educators.
Treatment and Drugs
Kawasaki disease is treated primarily with medications that reduce inflammation and prevent complications. The main treatments include high-dose aspirin to reduce fever and inflammation, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to lower the risk of coronary artery issues. IVIG is most effective when given within the first 10 days of illness. If patients do not respond to these treatments, corticosteroids or infliximab may be used to further control inflammation. In treatment-resistant cases, cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, may be considered to help manage the immune system's activity.
Non-Drug Treatment
Non-pharmacological treatments for Kawasaki disease focus on supportive care and monitoring to ensure the well-being of the patient. These treatments aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications without the use of medications. They are often used in conjunction with medical treatments to provide comprehensive care. The following are some of the non-drug treatments and therapies used in managing Kawasaki disease.
Hydration: Ensuring adequate fluid intake is crucial to prevent dehydration, especially if the child has a fever. Fluids help in maintaining proper circulation and can alleviate some symptoms.
Rest: Encouraging plenty of rest is important to help the body recover. Rest can reduce fatigue and support the immune system in fighting the disease.
Nutritional Support: Providing a balanced diet can help in maintaining energy levels and supporting overall health. Nutritional support may include easy-to-digest foods if the child has difficulty eating.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring of vital signs and symptoms is essential to detect any changes in the condition. This includes checking for signs of heart complications, which are a concern in Kawasaki disease.
Comfort Measures: Using cool compresses can help reduce fever and provide comfort. Ensuring a comfortable environment can also aid in the child's recovery.
Did you know that drugs are influenced by genes?
Genetic variations can affect how individuals respond to treatments for Kawasaki disease, influencing the effectiveness and potential side effects of the drugs used. Understanding these genetic factors can help tailor more effective and personalized treatment plans for patients.
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Pharmacological Treatments
Kawasaki disease is treated primarily with medications that reduce inflammation and prevent complications. The mainstay of treatment involves the use of high-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). These treatments help to reduce fever, inflammation, and the risk of heart complications. Additional medications may be used in cases where the standard treatment is not effective.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): IVIG is administered to reduce inflammation and lower the risk of coronary artery complications. It is given as an infusion over several hours and is most effective when administered within the first 10 days of illness.
Aspirin: High-dose aspirin is used to reduce fever and inflammation during the acute phase of the disease. It is later continued at a lower dose to help prevent blood clots.
Corticosteroids: Corticosteroids may be used in cases where patients do not respond to initial treatment with IVIG. They help to further reduce inflammation and are typically administered in conjunction with other treatments.
Infliximab: Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody that may be used for patients who do not respond to IVIG and aspirin. It works by blocking a specific protein that contributes to inflammation.
Cyclosporine: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant that may be considered for treatment-resistant cases. It helps to reduce the immune system's activity and inflammation.
Genetic Influences
Genetics play a significant role in influencing the risk of developing Kawasaki disease. Research indicates that certain genetic variations can make some individuals more susceptible to this condition. These variations are often found in genes related to the immune system, which is responsible for defending the body against infections. When these genes are altered, they may cause the immune system to react in an exaggerated way, potentially leading to the symptoms associated with the disease. Family studies have shown that siblings of affected individuals have a higher risk, suggesting a hereditary component. Additionally, specific populations, such as those of Asian descent, have a higher incidence, further supporting the influence of genetic factors. Understanding these genetic links helps in identifying at-risk individuals and may guide future research into targeted treatments.
Gene variations
Genetic variations can play a significant role in influencing the risk and severity of Kawasaki disease. Certain genes involved in the immune system and inflammatory responses have been linked to the disease. These genetic factors can affect how the body responds to infections or environmental triggers, potentially leading to the development of Kawasaki disease. Understanding these genetic influences can help in identifying individuals at higher risk and in developing targeted treatments.
ITPKC gene: Variations in the ITPKC gene have been associated with an increased risk of Kawasaki disease. This gene is involved in regulating calcium levels in cells, which can affect immune responses. Changes in this gene may lead to an overactive immune response, contributing to the disease.
CASP3 gene: The CASP3 gene is involved in the process of programmed cell death, which is crucial for maintaining healthy immune function. Variations in this gene have been linked to the severity of Kawasaki disease. These changes may influence how the body controls inflammation and immune responses.
FCGR2A gene: The FCGR2A gene encodes a receptor that plays a role in the immune system's ability to fight infections. Genetic variations in this gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing Kawasaki disease. These variations may alter the effectiveness of the immune response to infections.
BLK gene: The BLK gene is involved in the development and function of B cells, a type of immune cell. Variations in this gene have been linked to Kawasaki disease susceptibility. Changes in the BLK gene may affect how B cells respond to infections, potentially increasing disease risk.
HLA region: The HLA region contains genes that are essential for the immune system's ability to recognize foreign substances. Certain variations in this region have been associated with Kawasaki disease. These genetic differences may influence how the immune system responds to environmental triggers.
Variants that influence Kawasaki disease based on Scientific Studies
Scientific studies classifications aim to uncover how genetic variants function and their roles in diseases, traits, and evolution. Variants are categorized based on their functional impact, such as loss-of-function (reduces gene activity), gain-of-function (increases gene activity), neutral (no significant impact), or evolutionary conservation. This classification uses experimental data, population studies, and computational analyses to understand variant effects. Unlike clinical testing, which focuses on immediate health impacts, scientific studies explore broader genetic mechanisms and long-term implications.
Variants that Affect Both Biological Males and Females
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
C
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/C is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
C
C
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
C
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/C is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
C
C
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
G
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/G is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
G
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/G is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
G
G
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
T
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/T is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Genotype
A
A
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/A is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
A
T
Level of evidence
Increased likelihood
Unisex
2 Sources
Participants: 7906
The genotype with the letters A/T is considered a risk factor for developing the disease. Carriers of this genetic result are at increased risk of developing the disease.
Genotype
T
T
Level of evidence
No Effect
Unisex
0 Sources
Participants: 0
No available data
Variants that influence Kawasaki disease
All variants that were shown to influence the risk of developing Kawasaki disease are listed here.
Genes that influence Kawasaki disease
All Genes, that contain variants, which were shown to influence the risk of developing Kawasaki disease are listed here
Pharmacogenetics - how genetics influence drugs
Genetics play a significant role in understanding how individuals respond to treatments for Kawasaki disease. Certain genetic factors can influence how a person's immune system reacts to the disease and the medications used to treat it. For instance, variations in specific genes may affect the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a common treatment for Kawasaki disease. Some genetic profiles might lead to a better response to IVIG, while others may require additional treatments, such as corticosteroids, to achieve the desired effect. Research into these genetic differences helps doctors tailor treatments to individual patients, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications. Understanding these genetic influences is crucial for developing more personalized and effective treatment strategies for Kawasaki disease.
Drugs influenced by genetics
Dr. Wallerstorfer
Interactions with other diseases
Kawasaki disease can have interactions with other diseases, particularly those affecting the heart. Children who have had Kawasaki disease may be at increased risk for developing heart-related issues later in life, such as coronary artery disease. This is due to the potential for Kawasaki disease to cause inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to long-term changes in the heart's structure and function. Additionally, individuals with a history of Kawasaki disease may need to be monitored for other cardiovascular conditions as they age. There is also some evidence suggesting that Kawasaki disease might share common triggers or risk factors with other inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, although more research is needed to fully understand these connections.
Special Life Conditions
Kawasaki disease primarily affects children, with symptoms such as fever, rash, and swollen glands. In children, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications, particularly those affecting the heart. Pregnant women rarely experience Kawasaki disease, but if it occurs, it can pose risks to both the mother and the unborn child, necessitating careful monitoring and management. In older adults, the disease is uncommon, but when it does occur, it may present with more severe symptoms and a higher risk of complications due to age-related factors. Active athletes, if affected, may need to temporarily halt their physical activities to allow for proper treatment and recovery, as the disease can impact heart health. Each group requires tailored medical attention to address their specific needs and minimize potential complications.
History
Kawasaki disease was first identified in 1961 by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, a Japanese pediatrician, who observed a group of children with a unique set of symptoms, including prolonged fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. His detailed observations were published in 1967, marking the official recognition of the disease. The condition primarily affects children under the age of five and is now known to be one of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries.
The disease gained international attention in the late 20th century, particularly following a significant outbreak in Hawaii in the 1970s. This outbreak highlighted the disease's potential to affect children outside of Japan, prompting further research and awareness worldwide. Subsequent cases were reported in North America, Europe, and other parts of Asia, establishing Kawasaki disease as a global health concern.
The impact of Kawasaki disease on mankind is significant due to its potential to cause long-term heart complications if not treated promptly. The disease can lead to inflammation of the blood vessels, particularly the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. This can result in serious heart problems, including aneurysms, which are bulges in the blood vessel walls that can be life-threatening.
The discovery of effective treatments for Kawasaki disease began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Researchers found that high doses of aspirin could help reduce inflammation and fever, providing some relief to affected children. However, the breakthrough in treatment came with the introduction of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. IVIG, a product made from donated blood plasma, was found to significantly reduce the risk of coronary artery complications when administered early in the course of the disease. This treatment has since become the standard of care and has dramatically improved outcomes for children with Kawasaki disease.
Current research into Kawasaki disease is focused on understanding its underlying causes, which remain largely unknown. Scientists are investigating the role of genetic factors, environmental triggers, and infectious agents in the development of the disease. Advances in genetic research have identified certain genetic markers that may increase susceptibility to Kawasaki disease, particularly in children of Asian descent. Additionally, researchers are exploring the potential link between Kawasaki disease and viral infections, as some cases appear to occur following viral illnesses.
Efforts are also underway to develop more precise diagnostic tools and to refine treatment protocols to further reduce the risk of long-term heart complications. Studies are examining the effectiveness of alternative therapies and the potential benefits of combining IVIG with other anti-inflammatory medications. As research continues, the hope is to uncover the mysteries surrounding Kawasaki disease and improve the lives of affected children and their families.