Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 is a rare genetic condition that affects brain development and causes difficult-to-control seizures. It usually begins in infancy or early childhood and tends to be lifelong. People with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 often have developmental delays, learning and movement difficulties, and seizures that can be frequent. Treatment focuses on seizure control with anti-seizure medicines and supportive therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy. The outlook varies, but early, consistent care can improve comfort, safety, and daily function.
Overview
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98Symptoms
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 usually appears in infancy with frequent, hard-to-control seizures. Features often include delayed development and learning disability, low muscle tone, feeding or breathing difficulties, and movement or sleep problems.
Outlook and prognosis
Many living with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 face seizures starting early in life and developmental challenges that can range from mild to profound. With tailored seizure control, therapies, and attentive supportive care, progress is possible and quality of life can improve. Outlook varies by child, seizure burden, and access to multidisciplinary care.
Causes and risk factors
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 stems from a single‑gene change at conception, usually de novo. Risk factors for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 include an affected parent or germline mosaicism; exposures don’t cause it, though illness or fever trigger seizures.
Genetic influences
Genetics play a central role in Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98; most cases arise from single-gene variants, often new (de novo) changes. Identifying the variant can confirm diagnosis, guide treatment choices, inform prognosis, and clarify recurrence risks for families.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis relies on early seizure history, developmental concerns, and neurologic exam, supported by EEG and brain MRI. Genetic tests identify the causative variant. Genetic diagnosis of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 confirms the subtype and guides care.
Treatment and drugs
Treatment for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 focuses on reducing seizures, supporting development, and improving day-to-day comfort. Care often combines anti-seizure medicines, rescue treatments, ketogenic diet, and sometimes devices like vagus nerve stimulation. Ongoing therapies—physical, occupational, speech, and nutrition—plus coordinated neurology and genetics follow-up are key.
Symptoms
Families often first notice frequent seizures in early infancy, along with slower progress in motor and social milestones. Early features of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98) can include hard-to-control seizures plus delays in sitting, babbling, or steady eye contact. Features vary from person to person and can change over time. Some children also develop feeding difficulties, muscle tone changes, or vision and movement challenges that affect day-to-day life.
Seizures often begin in the first weeks to months of life in DEE98. They may look like sudden stiffening, jerking, eye fluttering, or going limp.
Many children continue to have seizures despite trying several medicines in DEE98. Clusters or long events can occur and may require urgent treatment.
Different seizure patterns can appear over time, such as brief staring, sudden drops, or whole-body stiffening. Fevers or illness can make seizures more likely for some children.
Motor, language, and social skills often develop slowly compared with peers. Skills can plateau and may temporarily lose ground after severe seizures.
How people usually first notice Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98?
Many families first notice something isn’t typical when a baby with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 has very early, hard‑to‑control seizures, often beginning in the first months of life, along with pauses in meeting milestones like steady head control or babbling. Doctors may recognize the first signs of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 during urgent evaluations for recurrent seizures, noting abnormal brain-wave patterns on EEG and developmental slowing or regression that follows the seizures. In some cases, genetic testing is done after these early seizures to confirm the cause and explain how developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 is first noticed.
Types of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98) is a rare genetic epilepsy. It has a few recognized clinical variants tied to different changes in the same gene, which can shape when seizures start, how frequent they are, and how development is affected. Symptoms don’t always look the same for everyone. When people search for types of DEE98, they’re usually asking about these variants and how early symptoms of DEE98 compare across them.
Infantile-onset variant
Seizures begin in the first months of life and can be frequent or appear in clusters. Developmental delays often follow early on, affecting motor and speech skills. Some gain partial seizure control with treatment.
Early childhood variant
Seizures start later, typically between ages 1 and 5 years, and may be less frequent. Language and learning delays are common but can be milder than in earlier-onset forms. Behavioral challenges may appear as demands at school grow.
Focal-dominant variant
Seizures mainly start in one brain region and may secondarily generalize. People may have warning signs like a brief pause or sensation before a seizure. EEGs often show focal patterns that guide medication choices.
Generalized-dominant variant
Seizures involve both sides of the brain from the start, such as absence, tonic, or myoclonic types. These can affect attention, mood, and energy during the day. Photosensitivity or sleep-related seizures may be noted.
Pharmacoresistant course
Seizures remain frequent despite trials of several anti-seizure medicines. Development can be more affected when seizures are hard to control. Teams may consider ketogenic therapy, device-based options, or clinical trials.
What genetics can tell you about symptoms
Some people with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 have mutations in the KCNT1 gene that make a potassium channel overactive, triggering early-onset seizures and developmental delays. Certain variants tend to cause tougher, more frequent seizures, while others link to movement issues or sleep problems.
Causes and risk factors
In most cases, a single gene change disrupts brain signaling and development. The change is usually new in the child and not inherited, but it can occasionally be passed down. If a parent carries the variant, the risk factors for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 include a higher chance it will recur in the family. Fever, infections, sleep loss, head injury, or flashing lights can trigger seizures or make symptoms worse, but they do not cause the condition. Genes set the stage, but environment and lifestyle often decide how the story unfolds.
Environmental and biological risk factors
Risk for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 mainly stems from factors present around conception, not day-to-day habits. Doctors often group risks into internal (biological) and external (environmental). When people look for environmental risk factors for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98, the list is short and centers on exposures that can raise the chance of new changes in egg or sperm cells. Most babies are born healthy even when some of these risks are present.
As men get older, the chance of new changes arising in sperm increases slightly. This can raise the likelihood that a child is born with a rare condition such as Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98. For any single pregnancy, the absolute risk remains low.
Older eggs are more prone to errors when they divide. This may modestly increase the chance of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98, though the effect is smaller and less certain than paternal age. Most pregnancies at older ages are healthy.
Significant ionizing radiation to either parent before conception can damage cells that form eggs or sperm. That may increase the chance of new changes that can lead to this condition. Routine diagnostic imaging uses much lower doses.
Some chemotherapy and radiation used to treat cancer can harm egg or sperm cells for a period of time. Planning the timing of conception with your oncology and fertility teams can lower potential risk. Any added risk for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 appears small and depends on the specific drugs and doses.
Genetic risk factors
For many families, early symptoms of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98—like infant‑onset seizures and stalled milestones—stem from changes in a single brain‑development gene. Most of these changes are new in the child (de novo), though inherited or mosaic patterns sometimes occur. People with the same risk factor can have very different experiences. Pinpointing the exact change helps estimate recurrence risk and guides genetic counseling.
Single‑gene cause: Harmful changes in one gene critical for brain signaling drive this condition. These changes disturb how nerve cells communicate, leading to seizures and developmental challenges.
Usually de novo: In most children, the genetic change arises spontaneously in the egg or sperm and is not present in either parent. This is why many families have no prior history of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98.
Rare inheritance: In some families, a parent can pass down the variant. The parent may have very mild or no symptoms, especially if only a small fraction of their cells carry the change.
Parental mosaicism: A parent may carry the variant only in some egg or sperm cells. This can raise the chance of another child with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 even when the parent’s blood test is negative.
Variant types: Small DNA spelling changes and changes that shorten the protein have both been seen. Different types of changes may influence seizure patterns and developmental impact.
Deletions/duplications: Small missing or extra pieces of DNA that include the gene can cause the same syndrome. These changes alter how much protein is made and upset brain network balance.
Variable expressivity: The same genetic change can lead to different ages of seizure onset and different learning outcomes. This variation makes long‑term outlook hard to predict early on.
Recurrence risk: When a change is truly de novo, the chance of it happening again is usually low but not zero due to possible mosaicism. If a parent carries the variant, each pregnancy has a higher chance of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98.
Lifestyle risk factors
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 is genetic, and everyday habits do not cause it. However, routines and exposures can influence seizure control, developmental progress, and injury risk over time. Understanding how lifestyle affects CONDITION helps families shape daily choices that reduce breakthroughs and complications. Below are lifestyle risk factors for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 and ways they can be managed in daily life.
Sleep loss or irregular schedules can lower seizure threshold and trigger breakthroughs in DEE98. Consistent, sufficient sleep may reduce daytime clusters and improve behavior and attention.
Missed or late doses can lead to seizure flurries or status epilepticus in DEE98. Using pillboxes, alarms, or caregiver checklists helps maintain steady drug levels and seizure control.
Fevers and intercurrent illnesses commonly worsen seizures in DEE98. Early fever control, hydration, and following the sick-day seizure plan can limit exacerbations.
Psychological stress, fatigue, or sensory overload can precipitate seizures and behavioral dysregulation in DEE98. Calming routines, breaks, and relaxation techniques can lower this trigger load.
Risk prevention
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 is a genetic condition, so you can’t fully prevent it, but you can lower risks and complications. Prevention works best when combined with regular check-ups. The focus is on reducing seizures, avoiding triggers, preventing injuries, and supporting healthy development. Steps below include medical care, safety planning, and daily habits that make seizures and complications less likely.
A genetics visit can explain testing options and chances of recurrence in future pregnancies. It can help families plan and connect with resources.
If the gene change is known in the family, options like preimplantation genetic testing (PGT-M) or prenatal diagnosis may be possible. A genetics team can discuss benefits, limits, and timing.
Learn early symptoms of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98, such as frequent brief stiffening spells, unusual eye movements, feeding difficulty, or slowed milestones. Early evaluation can speed treatment and supportive therapies.
Keeping up with vaccines lowers infections that can spark fevers and seizures. Ask your neurologist about timing if a vaccine tends to cause fever and how to manage it.
Transmission
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 is a genetic condition and isn’t contagious—you can’t catch it or spread it to others. In most children, it happens because of a new change in a single gene that appears for the first time in the egg or sperm, so neither parent carries it. When a parent does have the same gene change, the genetic transmission of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 usually follows a single‑gene pattern, and there may be a meaningful chance of passing it on to future children; a genetics team can explain the exact risk for your family. Rarely, a parent may have the change in only some cells (mosaicism), which can slightly raise the chance of recurrence even if routine blood testing is negative.
When to test your genes
Consider genetic testing if seizures begin in infancy, don’t respond to multiple anti-seizure medicines, or are accompanied by developmental delays or regression. Test sooner if there’s a family history of early-onset epilepsy or unexplained infant deaths. Results can guide targeted treatments, avoid ineffective drugs, and inform prognosis and family planning.
Diagnosis
Doctors piece together the diagnosis of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 by looking at the pattern of seizures, a child’s developmental course, and targeted testing. Early and accurate diagnosis can help you plan ahead with confidence. Because this is a genetic encephalopathy, the goal is to confirm the clinical picture with genetic tests and rule out look‑alike conditions. The path usually involves several steps done in parallel.
Providers review when seizures began, how they look, and how development has unfolded over time. Details about pregnancy, birth, and early milestones help narrow the possibilities.
Doctors assess reflexes, muscle tone, movement, and coordination. Findings can support a developmental encephalopathy and guide which tests to prioritize.
Standardized tools track speech, motor, learning, and social skills. This establishes a baseline and highlights areas that may need therapies.
An electroencephalogram records brain activity to look for seizure patterns common in epileptic encephalopathies. Repeated or prolonged recordings (video‑EEG) may be used if events are infrequent.
Stages of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 does not have defined progression stages. The course can vary widely from child to child, with symptoms shaped by how early seizures begin, how well they’re controlled, and the pace of developmental skills rather than a steady, stepwise decline. Doctors look at the story of early symptoms of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98, seizure types, and development, often using tests like EEG and brain MRI to build a clearer picture. Genetic testing may be offered to clarify certain risks.
Outlook and prognosis
Looking ahead can feel daunting, but many living with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98) want to know what the future may hold. Doctors call this the prognosis—a medical word for likely outcomes. In DEE98, seizures usually begin early and can be hard to control, and developmental delays often persist. Some children show small gains over time with therapies, but most will need ongoing support for learning, movement, and daily activities. The risk of serious complications is higher if seizures are very frequent or prolonged, especially in infancy.
The outlook is not the same for everyone, but patterns have emerged from case reports and registries. Some people experience fewer seizures as they get older, while others notice that seizures change type rather than stop altogether. Severe epilepsy can shorten life expectancy, often due to infections, injuries, or rare events like sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), though exact mortality rates for DEE98 are not yet well defined. Early care can make a real difference, including rapid seizure control when possible, treatment of feeding or breathing issues, and prompt therapy for mobility and communication. When doctors talk about “remission,” they mean symptoms have eased or disappeared for a while, and true remission appears uncommon in DEE98, but improved stability can still be achievable.
Understanding the prognosis can guide planning and help families focus on what they can influence day to day. For many, this includes aiming for fewer and shorter seizures, preventing hospitalizations, and maximizing comfort, communication, and participation in school and home life. If you’re watching for early symptoms of DEE98 or tracking changes over time, keeping notes about triggers, sleep, illnesses, and seizure patterns can help your team tailor care. Talk with your doctor about what your personal outlook might look like.
Long-term effects
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 can have lasting effects on learning, movement, and overall health that begin early and often continue across childhood and adulthood. Long-term effects vary widely, and no two people share the exact same course. Families may recall that early symptoms of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 often appear in infancy, with developmental delays and seizures emerging in the first months. Over time, daily routines may shift to accommodate changes in mobility, communication, and medical needs.
Seizures often begin in infancy and can be frequent or hard to control. Some individuals see fewer or milder seizures with age, while others continue to have episodes.
Many have delays in sitting, walking, and self-care. Intellectual disability can range from mild to profound and usually continues long term.
Low or high muscle tone and problems with coordination are common. Over time, these can lead to stiffness, contractures, or challenges with balance and walking.
Speech may be limited or absent for many. Some rely on nonverbal communication or devices to express needs.
How is it to live with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98?
Living with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 often means navigating frequent seizures, developmental delays, and fluctuating energy and attention, so daily routines tend to revolve around safety, medication schedules, and therapies. For many, communication and motor challenges shape how play, school, and social time unfold, with progress coming in small, hard‑won steps that families learn to celebrate. Caregivers and siblings often adjust work, sleep, and plans to provide round‑the‑clock support, coordinating with therapists, teachers, and medical teams. While the load can be heavy, access to seizure action plans, adaptive equipment, respite care, and supportive communities can make daily life more predictable and less isolating.
Treatment and drugs
Treatment for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98) focuses on reducing seizures, supporting development, and improving day-to-day comfort. Doctors often start with anti-seizure medicines; a doctor may adjust your dose to balance benefits and side effects, and it’s common to try more than one medication before finding a workable plan. If medicines don’t control seizures, options may include a ketogenic diet, rescue therapies for prolonged seizures, or device-based treatments such as vagus nerve stimulation; in very selected cases, epilepsy surgery may be discussed after detailed testing. Alongside medical treatment, lifestyle choices play a role, including sleep routines, avoiding known triggers, and regular therapies like physical, occupational, and speech therapy to support mobility, communication, and learning. Because DEE98 can affect feeding, behavior, and breathing, many people benefit from coordinated care with neurology, genetics, nutrition, and respiratory teams, and supportive care can make a real difference in how you feel day to day.
Non-drug treatment
Living with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98) often means planning around seizures, supporting development, and keeping daily life as steady as possible. Alongside medicines, non-drug therapies can build skills, reduce risks, and support comfort and communication. Early symptoms of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 may lead to earlier referrals for therapy, which can improve long‑term function. Care teams usually combine several approaches and adjust them over time as needs change.
A medically supervised high‑fat, very low‑carb diet can reduce seizures for some people with DEE98. It requires close monitoring by a dietitian and regular lab checks to stay safe.
This less restrictive low‑carb plan may offer seizure benefits similar to ketogenic therapy for some families. A clinician and dietitian can tailor goals and watch for side effects.
A small implanted device sends gentle pulses to help reduce seizure frequency and intensity. Settings are adjusted over time to balance benefits and side effects.
A specialized center can assess whether a focal brain area is driving seizures and whether surgery could help. Not everyone with DEE98 is a candidate, but a workup clarifies options.
Your genes may have an impact on how drugs work for you
Medicines for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 can work very differently depending on a person’s genes, which influence how the body processes drugs and how brain receptors respond. Genetic testing can sometimes guide medication choice and dosing to improve control and reduce side effects.
Pharmacological treatments
Daily life with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 often centers on keeping seizures shorter, fewer, and less disruptive, while protecting sleep, learning, and comfort. Treatment is individualized, and choices may shift over time as seizure types change or early symptoms of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 become clearer. First-line medications are those doctors usually try first, based on safety and broad seizure control. Your neurology team will adjust doses and combinations to balance seizure control with side effects.
Often a first choice for many seizure types in babies and children. It tends to be easy to start and adjust, with irritability or mood changes as the most common side effects. Caregivers may help with reminders or keeping track of behavior changes.
Broad-spectrum seizure control that can help generalized and mixed seizure patterns. It requires blood tests at times to check liver function and platelets, and it is not suitable during pregnancy.
Useful for both generalized and focal seizures, but it must be increased slowly to lower the risk of rash. Dosing may be increased or lowered gradually to balance seizure control and side effects.
Can help generalized seizures and drop attacks. Watch for decreased appetite, tingling, or trouble with concentration, and encourage good hydration to reduce kidney stone risk.
Genetic influences
In developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98), a change in a single gene alters how brain cells communicate, which can set the stage for early seizures and developmental challenges. Many children with DEE98 are the first in their family with the condition because the gene change arises new in the child rather than being passed down. A change in a gene (mutation or variant) can sometimes affect health. If neither parent shows the gene change on blood testing, the chance of it happening again is usually low, though a small risk remains due to mosaicism in a parent’s eggs or sperm. Less commonly, a parent may carry the same gene change with mild or no symptoms, which can raise the chance of recurrence and makes testing both parents helpful. Confirming the exact gene change with genetic testing for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 can guide care, connect families with research opportunities, and inform future pregnancy planning.
Is Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 genetic?
Genetics play a central role in Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98; most cases arise from single-gene variants, often new (de novo) changes. Identifying the variant can confirm diagnosis, guide treatment choices, inform prognosis, and clarify recurrence risks for families.
Pharmacogenetics—how genetics influence drug effects
In Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 (DEE98), identifying the exact genetic change can shape which seizure medicines are tried first, which are avoided, and how closely levels are monitored. Some changes affect the way brain cells pass electrical signals; in those cases, medicines that act on certain channels may help, while others could aggravate seizures, so doctors try to match treatment to the biology when possible. Not every difference in response is genetic, but other factors like age, overall health, sleep, and interactions with other medicines also matter. Beyond the disease‑causing gene, common differences in liver enzyme genes can alter how quickly people with DEE98 process medicines such as clobazam or phenytoin, which can shift blood levels and side‑effect risk. For safety, certain HLA types (for example HLA‑B*15:02 in many people of South or East Asian ancestry) greatly raise the risk of a severe skin reaction with carbamazepine or related drugs, so screening may be done before prescribing. Taken together, pharmacogenetic testing for Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 can help tailor doses, guide choices or avoidance of specific anti‑seizure medicines, and even point toward non‑drug options like a ketogenic diet when appropriate.
Interactions with other conditions
Living with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 often involves more than seizures. Many people also have movement difficulties, feeding or swallowing challenges, reflux or constipation, and sleep problems; when these issues flare, seizures may become more frequent or recovery after a seizure can take longer. Doctors call it a “comorbidity” when two conditions occur together. Respiratory infections and fever can temporarily worsen seizures in DEE98, so prompt fever control and infection care can make a meaningful difference day to day.
Some also live with autism features, vision or hearing differences, or scoliosis; these can change therapy needs and how well someone tolerates certain medicines. Long-term use of some antiseizure drugs may affect bone health, so vitamin D and calcium intake and periodic checks are often discussed with the care team. Medication interactions matter, too—drugs used for reflux, sleep, or infections can raise or lower levels of seizure medicines—so bringing a full medication list to every visit helps. With coordinated care, many people live well despite having both DEE98 and other health conditions.
How genes can cause diseases
Humans have more than 20,000 genes, each carrying out one or a few specific functions in the body. One gene instructs the body to digest lactose from milk, another tells the body how to build strong bones and another prevents the body's cells from beginning to multiply uncontrollably and developing into cancer. As all of these genes combined are the building instructions for our body, a defect in one of these genes can have severe health consequences.
Through decades of genetic research, we know the genetic code of any healthy/functional human gene. We have also identified that in certain positions on a gene, some individuals may have a different genetic letter from the one you have. We call these hotspots "Genetic Variations" or "Variants" in short. In many cases, studies have been able to show that having the genetic letter "G" in the position makes you healthy, but having the letter "A" in the same position disrupts the gene function and causes a disease. Genopedia allows you to view these variants in genes and summarizes all that we know from scientific research, which genetic letters (Genotype) have good or bad consequences on your health or on your traits.
History
Throughout history, people have described infants who developed seizures early in life and then struggled to meet milestones, though the exact cause was unclear. Families told doctors, “the seizures started in the first months, and after that, skills seemed to stall.” Before modern testing, different seizure types were grouped together, and many children were labeled with broad terms like “early-onset epilepsy” or “infantile epileptic encephalopathy,” without knowing the precise reason.
From early theories to modern research, the story of Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 reflects how naming and understanding have evolved with technology. Initially, doctors tracked patterns: seizures beginning in infancy, developmental delay or loss of skills, and sometimes movement or tone differences. As brain scans and EEGs became standard, clinicians could describe features more clearly, but the underlying cause remained hidden for many families.
Advances in genetics changed that picture. Over the past two decades, gene testing revealed that many early-life epilepsies are actually groups of distinct conditions, each tied to changes in a specific gene. DEE98 was defined once researchers identified recurring, harmful variants in a single gene in children with similar early symptoms. This allowed doctors to separate DEE98 from look-alike epilepsies and explain to caregivers why seizures and developmental challenges appeared together. In recent decades, knowledge has built on a long tradition of observation.
Once considered rare, now recognized as part of a broader spectrum, DEE98 shows how genetic diagnoses can bring clarity. With more widespread access to exome and genome sequencing, clinicians started noticing consistent patterns across unrelated families worldwide. That consistency—very early seizures, developmental impact, and shared EEG features—helped confirm DEE98 as its own diagnosis rather than a subtype of a larger, nonspecific category.
Understandings have changed, but the core goals have stayed steady: control seizures, support development, and give families clear information. Genetic confirmation now guides care planning, eligibility for clinical trials, and family counseling. It also helps avoid unnecessary tests and focuses attention on treatments that may work better for this specific condition.
The history of DEE98 is still being written. Registries and international collaborations continue to refine the range of symptoms, how they change with age, and which treatments are most helpful. As more children and adults with DEE98 are identified, researchers learn why some have frequent daily seizures while others have fewer, and why development varies. This ongoing work honors the careful observations made long before genetic tools existed, while using today’s science to improve life for people living with Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 98 and their families.