Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep is a childhood epilepsy that starts in the first year or two of life. Seizures are focal and brief, and often happen during sleep or drowsiness. Many children with this condition develop normally and outgrow seizures over time. Treatment may include daily anti-seizure medicine, and some children do well without long-term therapy. The outlook is generally good, and mortality is not increased.
Overview
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleepSymptoms
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep causes brief, focal seizures, often from sleep. Parents may notice sudden stiffening or jerks, staring, or facial twitching, with quick recovery and normal development between events.
Outlook and prognosis
Most children with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep outgrow seizures over a few years, often by school age. Development is typically normal, and long-term learning or behavior problems are uncommon. Regular follow-up helps tailor medicines and supports sleep.
Causes and risk factors
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep likely reflects genetic susceptibility, sometimes with family history. Age-limited brain maturation patterns play a role. Sleep deprivation, illness/fever, and stress can lower seizure thresholds and increase risk.
Genetic influences
Genetics play a significant role in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. Many cases run in families, and known variants can increase risk, though not everyone with a variant develops seizures. A genetic test may guide counseling.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep relies on seizure history and a sleep EEG. Normal exam, normal MRI, and typical infant development help confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment and drugs
Treatment for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep focuses on preventing seizures while supporting normal development. Many children respond well to low-dose anti-seizure medicines; doctors adjust choices by seizure pattern and side effects. Regular follow-up, sleep routines, and safety planning help families manage daily life.
Symptoms
In infants, seizures can show up as brief pauses, eye or head turning, or one arm or face jerking during drowsiness or sleep. These early features of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep are usually short and may come in clusters, with the child returning to baseline between episodes. Symptoms vary from person to person and can change over time. Most children develop normally and the condition tends to resolve in early childhood.
Events begin in late infancy, often between 3 and 20 months. Growth and behavior are usually normal before the first event. Family members may see patterns the person doesn’t.
One arm or leg jerks or stiffens on one side of the body. The face may pull to one side with drooling or sounds. The infant often resumes normal activity right after.
The baby may suddenly stop, stare, and not respond briefly. Subtle mouth or hand movements can happen during the spell. Awareness returns quickly once it ends.
The head and eyes may turn to one side during an event. This can come with limb jerks or happen alone. It usually lasts under two minutes.
How people usually first notice Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep?
Many families first notice brief, repetitive seizures in an otherwise healthy infant, often starting between 3 and 20 months, with episodes that may look like sudden staring, head drops or nods, or rhythmic jerks of one side of the body. Doctors are alerted when these events cluster over days, happen mostly during light sleep or naps, and the child returns quickly to baseline without fever or illness; an EEG often shows the characteristic midline spikes and waves during sleep. These first signs of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep are paired with normal development and typically resolve over time, which helps distinguish it from more serious epilepsy syndromes.
Types of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep is a genetic/congenital epilepsy syndrome with a few recognized clinical variants. Differences mainly relate to the age when seizures start, what seizures look like day to day, EEG patterns during sleep, and whether development is affected. Symptoms don’t always look the same for everyone. When people search for types of benign infantile focal epilepsy, they usually mean these well-accepted variants that clinicians see across families.
Classic infantile form
Seizures begin in late infancy, often between 4–12 months, with brief focal events that may involve staring, head or eye turning, or pauses in activity. Development is typically normal before and after, and seizures often remit within months to a few years. Sleep EEG shows characteristic midline spikes and waves.
Familial variant
Multiple relatives have similar infantile-onset focal seizures, suggesting inherited risk. Seizure features mirror the classic form, and long-term outlook is similarly favorable. Genetic testing may identify a causative variant in some families.
Early toddler form
Seizures start a bit later, into the second year of life, but remain brief focal events with preserved awareness or quick recoveries. The EEG still shows midline spikes during sleep, supporting the diagnosis. Most children outgrow seizures and keep typical development.
Sleep-activated variant
Seizures cluster around sleep or upon waking, and EEG abnormalities are most prominent during sleep. Daytime events may be infrequent or absent, which can make early symptoms of benign infantile focal epilepsy easy to miss. Monitoring overnight can clarify the pattern.
Atypical prolonged spells
Seizures are still focal but may last longer or come in short clusters over a day or two. Children usually recover fully between spells, and development remains on track. Doctors sometimes use rescue plans if clusters become disruptive.
What genetics can tell you about symptoms
Some families with PRRT2 changes see brief, cluster-like seizures starting in late infancy, then fading by childhood. Variants in genes shaping brain rhythms can cause the “midline spikes and waves” pattern during sleep, matching nighttime events but sparing daytime development.
Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep is not fully known. Risk factors for benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep may include a family history of seizures or a gene change. Some risks are modifiable (things you can change), others are non-modifiable (things you can’t). Sleep loss, fever, and illness can trigger seizures in some children. Brain structure is usually normal, and age-related maturation likely contributes.
Environmental and biological risk factors
Risk factors for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep revolve around how an infant’s brain is maturing and how sleep shapes brain rhythms. Doctors often group risks into internal (biological) and external (environmental). Because early symptoms of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep often show up during sleep or drowsiness, the sleep–wake state is a key biological context. Below are the main environmental and biological elements linked with times when seizures are more likely.
During late infancy, inhibitory brain circuits are still coming online. This age-related balance can make midline sleep spikes easier to trigger in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. As networks strengthen over time, vulnerability often declines.
Slow-wave sleep promotes synchronized brain activity. In Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, that synchronization can show up as midline spikes and waves and make seizures likelier at night or during naps.
The moments of drifting into or out of sleep are biologically unstable for brain rhythms. For Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, these transitions can briefly lower the seizure threshold. Events often cluster around these times.
Fever and immune activation increase neuronal excitability. In infants with this condition, common colds or viral illnesses can temporarily raise seizure risk. Risk usually settles as the illness passes.
Genetic risk factors
Genetic factors appear to play a meaningful role in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. Some risk factors are inherited through our genes. The genetic causes of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep range from common background variations to rare changes in single genes that influence brain signaling. Most families do not have one guaranteed cause, and patterns can differ even between siblings.
Family history: Having a parent or sibling with childhood focal seizures or febrile seizures increases the chance of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. The pattern often runs in families but skips relatives at times.
Polygenic susceptibility: Many common genetic variants each add a small amount of risk rather than one single epilepsy gene. This background susceptibility may help explain sleep-activated spike patterns.
PRRT2 variants: Changes in the PRRT2 gene are a well-established cause of self-limited familial infantile epilepsy. In some infants labeled with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, a PRRT2 change may be found. Not all children with this condition have PRRT2.
GRIN2A variants: Rare changes in GRIN2A can raise risk for childhood focal epilepsies with speech-related features and sleep-activated spikes. When present, they may slightly shift the clinical picture beyond typical benign patterns.
ELP4 region: Genetic variation near the ELP4 gene (11p13) has been linked to centrotemporal or midline spikes in sleeping children. This association suggests a susceptibility to the spike pattern seen in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep.
GATOR1 genes: Variants in DEPDC5, NPRL2, or NPRL3 can predispose to focal epilepsies in some families. Expressivity is variable, and some relatives may have mild, self-limited courses.
Ion channel genes: Changes in SCN2A or KCNQ2 are classic causes of benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures and sometimes present as infantile focal seizures. In early-onset cases of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, these genes may be considered in testing.
Copy-number variants: Small deletions or duplications of DNA (CNVs) occasionally contribute to epilepsy risk. They are less common in self-limited infantile focal epilepsies but can be found, especially when other developmental concerns are present.
Reduced penetrance: Even when a variant is inherited, not everyone who carries it develops seizures. Risk is not destiny—it varies widely between individuals.
De novo variants: A few children have new genetic changes that are not present in either parent. These can explain the condition when there is no family history.
Lifestyle risk factors
Lifestyle habits do not cause Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, but they can influence when seizures happen and how often they occur. The biggest modifiable factors relate to sleep quality, illness management, and consistent routines. Understanding how lifestyle affects Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep can help caregivers reduce triggers and improve safety. The points below focus on everyday choices that can change seizure thresholds during sleep.
Losing sleep lowers seizure threshold in this sleep-activated epilepsy. Ensure age-appropriate total sleep to reduce nighttime events.
Inconsistent bedtimes fragment slow-wave sleep when spikes often emerge. A steady routine may lessen nocturnal seizures.
Calm, predictable pre-sleep time reduces arousal transitions that can trigger focal seizures. Avoid stimulating play right before sleep.
Fevers and infections can increase seizure likelihood in this syndrome. Prompt fever control and hydration may blunt this effect.
Risk prevention
For most families, you can’t prevent benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep from developing, but you can lower the chance of seizures and reduce risks from them. The focus is on steady routines, avoiding triggers, and having a clear response plan. Prevention is about lowering risk, not eliminating it completely. Spotting early symptoms of benign infantile focal epilepsy—like brief facial twitching or nighttime episodes—can help you act sooner and follow a plan that keeps your child safer.
Keep bedtime and wake-up times steady, including weekends. Overtiredness can make seizures more likely at night.
Treat fevers promptly with fluids, rest, and doctor-recommended medicines. Infections and high temperatures can lower the seizure threshold.
If an anti-seizure medicine is prescribed, give it exactly as directed. Skipping doses can trigger breakthrough seizures.
Notice what seems to precede seizures—poor sleep, stress, screen marathons, or dehydration—and limit those triggers. A simple diary can help you spot patterns.
Transmission
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep is not contagious; you can’t catch it or pass it to others through everyday contact. It usually reflects a tendency present from early brain development.
In some families, the condition is inherited; a single altered gene from one parent can be enough to pass on the tendency, though the age it starts and how it looks can vary widely. Many children have no family history because the genetic change can arise for the first time in the child. If this epilepsy is present in a parent or sibling, a genetics professional can explain how Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep is inherited and discuss the chance for future children, which in some families can be as high as 1 in 2.
When to test your genes
Test your genes when seizures begin in infancy, especially if there’s a family history of similar benign seizures or if EEG shows midline spikes and waves during sleep. Genetic testing can confirm a self-limited epilepsy, guide medication choices, and avoid unnecessary scans. Consider testing sooner if seizures cluster, developmental delays appear, or features seem atypical.
Diagnosis
For many families, the first clues come from brief, focal seizures that tend to happen during naps or at night, often with facial twitching or trouble speaking. The diagnosis of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep usually comes from a clear seizure history paired with a characteristic brain-wave pattern seen during sleep. Early and accurate diagnosis can help you plan ahead with confidence.
Doctors usually begin by asking about what the events look like, how long they last, and how the child recovers. Details about timing—especially during drowsiness or sleep—are key. Home videos can be very helpful.
The doctor checks movement, speech, and development between seizures. In this condition, the exam is typically normal, which helps point away from other causes.
An EEG records brain activity while awake and asleep. In this syndrome, the hallmark is midline spike-and-wave activity that becomes more noticeable during sleep.
Mild sleep loss before the test helps bring out sleeping brain patterns. This can increase the chance of seeing the midline spikes and waves needed for diagnosis.
Stages of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep does not have defined progression stages. This condition tends to come in seizure episodes that begin in infancy, often improve with time, and are identified by a characteristic sleep EEG pattern rather than by a stepwise decline. Doctors usually start with a conversation about what the seizures look like and when they happen, followed by an EEG during sleep to check for midline spikes; sometimes other tests are used to rule out other causes. Ongoing care typically tracks seizure frequency, any early symptoms of benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, and overall development, with repeat EEGs if needed.
Outlook and prognosis
Looking at the long-term picture can be helpful. For most children with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, seizures begin in infancy or early toddler years and tend to be brief and infrequent. Many families first notice episodes around sleep or naps, with quick recovery and normal behavior between events. Mortality from this condition is not increased, and life expectancy is expected to be typical.
Doctors call this the prognosis—a medical word for likely outcomes. Seizures usually fade over time, often stopping completely within a few years of onset. Development, learning, and growth are typically normal, though tiredness after a night with seizures can make a child a bit cranky or less focused the next day. Some children need medicine for a period, while others never do; either way, long-term seizure freedom is common.
The outlook is not the same for everyone, but most kids outgrow Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep and lead active, healthy lives. Early care can make a real difference by reducing seizure disruptions and supporting good sleep, which may help attention and mood. If you’re watching for early symptoms of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep—such as brief staring, sudden stillness, or quick jerks during drowsiness—keep notes to share at follow-up visits. Talk with your doctor about what your personal outlook might look like.
Long-term effects
For most families, the day‑to‑day impact eases as seizures fade and sleep becomes more predictable. Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep generally has a favorable outlook, with many children outgrowing seizures. Long-term effects vary widely, but serious disability is uncommon. Doctors may track these changes over years to see how the brain’s rhythms settle with age.
Many children outgrow seizures over several years. Episodes during sleep usually become less frequent before stopping. Most no longer have seizures by later childhood.
Growth and general development are typically normal. Subtle language or attention blips can appear but often improve with age. Teachers may notice brief, mild challenges in early school years.
Most children have average learning over time. Some show mild reading or attention differences that are subtle. These differences tend to lessen as seizures resolve.
Early events happen from sleep, then taper off. Long-term sleep quality is usually normal. Overnight brainwave patterns often calm with age.
How is it to live with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep?
Living with benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep often means navigating brief, self-limited seizures in early childhood while balancing otherwise typical development. Day to day, families may focus on sleep routines, safety during nighttime, and regular follow-ups, knowing that many children outgrow these seizures and do well in school and play. For parents and caregivers, the emotional load—watchfulness at night, learning seizure first aid, and explaining the condition to relatives or childcare providers—can be the hardest part, but having a clear plan and support network eases that burden. Most families find that with reassurance from their care team and practical steps at home, life feels increasingly normal as time goes on.
Treatment and drugs
Treatment for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep focuses on preventing seizures while minimizing side effects and supporting normal development. Although living with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep can feel overwhelming, many people manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives. Many infants respond well to standard anti-seizure medicines, and a doctor may adjust your dose to balance benefits and side effects as your child grows. Some children have few, brief seizures and may not need long-term medication, because this epilepsy type often improves with age; your neurologist will guide if and when to start, continue, or taper treatment. Alongside medical treatment, lifestyle choices play a role, including regular sleep, prompt treatment of fevers, and keeping a simple seizure action plan; always ask your doctor about the best starting point for you.
Non-drug treatment
Non-drug care for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep focuses on steady sleep, safety, caregiver training, and supporting healthy development. Non-drug treatments often lay the foundation for day-to-day care, even when medicines are used. Keeping a simple record of early symptoms of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep can help your child’s team spot patterns and tailor care. Many families also build a clear home plan so everyone knows what to do if a seizure happens.
Regular naps and a consistent bedtime can lower the chance of sleep-related seizures. Try to prevent overtiredness and long irregular daytime naps.
If a seizure occurs, gently place your baby on their side on a soft, flat surface and keep the airway clear. Time the event and avoid putting anything in their mouth.
Use a firm, uncluttered sleep surface and never leave a child unattended in the bath. Consider padding or a low changing area to reduce fall risks during sudden events.
Treat fevers promptly as advised by your pediatrician, since illness can make seizures more likely. Keep your child well hydrated and up to date with routine care.
Your genes may have an impact on how drugs work for you
Medicines for benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep can work differently depending on a child’s genes, which affect how fast drugs are processed and how brain targets respond. Pharmacogenetic testing may guide dosing or drug choice, improving safety and control.
Pharmacological treatments
Medicines are considered when seizures are frequent, occur during the day, or affect sleep and development. Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep often responds well to standard anti-seizure drugs. If early symptoms of benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep include repeated nighttime events, your clinician may suggest starting treatment. Many people find relief when the right medicine and dose are in place.
Often a first choice for focal seizures in infants and children. It can be used alone and is generally well tolerated. Watch for irritability or sleep changes.
Helpful for focal seizures and used for many childhood epilepsies. It may cause sleepiness or dizziness and can interact with other medicines. Periodic blood tests may be recommended.
Similar benefits to carbamazepine with fewer drug interactions. Common effects include tiredness and low sodium levels in some children. Dosing may be increased or lowered gradually to find the lowest effective amount.
A gentle option for daytime and nighttime focal seizures. It needs a slow dose build-up to reduce rash risk. It can improve alertness in some children.
Genetic influences
In many families, patterns of who is affected suggest that genes contribute to benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. Family history is one of the strongest clues to a genetic influence. When it runs in families, it may follow a pattern where a parent can pass along a higher chance of seizures even if they never had seizures themselves. Changes in several genes involved in how brain cells signal each other have been linked in a subset of families, but many children have no identifiable gene change on current tests. Understanding the genetic picture can help set expectations about the likely course and whether testing relatives could be useful. Some families seek advice after early symptoms of benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep show up in the first year, and want to know if genetic testing might clarify future risk.
Is Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep genetic?
Genetics play a significant role in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. Many cases run in families, and known variants can increase risk, though not everyone with a variant develops seizures. A genetic test may guide counseling.
Pharmacogenetics—how genetics influence drug effects
Treatment choices for children with Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep often use the same antiseizure medicines as other focal seizure types. Genetics can shape which drugs are safest and how much is needed. Doctors may be cautious with valproate if there’s concern for a POLG‑related mitochondrial condition, because rare changes in this gene can lead to severe liver problems with that medicine.
Certain genetic markers can affect seizure‑medicine safety and dosing. HLA‑B*15:02 (more common in many Asian populations) raises the risk of severe skin reactions with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and sometimes phenytoin, and HLA‑A*31:01 also raises carbamazepine allergy risk across many backgrounds; variants in CYP2C9 (for phenytoin) and CYP2C19 (for clobazam and some benzodiazepines) may call for dose adjustments to avoid side effects or underdosing. Alongside medical history and EEG findings, genetic testing can sometimes identify how your body will handle specific medicines and guide safer starting doses for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. If you’re considering pharmacogenetic testing for Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, expect results to guide safety and dosing rather than predict seizure control.
Interactions with other conditions
Living day to day, families often notice that sleep and seizures are tightly linked—poor sleep, bedtime shifts, or untreated snoring and sleep apnea can make events more likely in Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep. Doctors call it a “comorbidity” when two conditions occur together, and in this epilepsy syndrome the most relevant partners tend to be sleep problems, attention or learning differences, and sometimes migraine in the child or family. For many, these overlaps are mild and may improve with age, but they can still affect school, mood, and energy.
Respiratory infections with fever, as well as jet lag or significant sleep deprivation, can temporarily raise seizure risk; keeping illness and sleep on track often helps. Some children with this condition also have speech or reading challenges that surface around the time of early symptoms of Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, so a hearing and learning check can be useful. If ADHD, anxiety, or headaches are present, coordinated care helps pick treatments that won’t interfere with anti-seizure plans and ensures doses are timed to protect sleep. Overall, interactions can look very different from person to person, and most children do well when sleep health, school supports, and seizure care are addressed together.
How genes can cause diseases
Humans have more than 20,000 genes, each carrying out one or a few specific functions in the body. One gene instructs the body to digest lactose from milk, another tells the body how to build strong bones and another prevents the body's cells from beginning to multiply uncontrollably and developing into cancer. As all of these genes combined are the building instructions for our body, a defect in one of these genes can have severe health consequences.
Through decades of genetic research, we know the genetic code of any healthy/functional human gene. We have also identified that in certain positions on a gene, some individuals may have a different genetic letter from the one you have. We call these hotspots "Genetic Variations" or "Variants" in short. In many cases, studies have been able to show that having the genetic letter "G" in the position makes you healthy, but having the letter "A" in the same position disrupts the gene function and causes a disease. Genopedia allows you to view these variants in genes and summarizes all that we know from scientific research, which genetic letters (Genotype) have good or bad consequences on your health or on your traits.
History
Throughout history, families and midwives described babies who had brief, startling spells and then grew up healthy, leaving little trace of those early events. First described in the medical literature as a pattern of seizures in otherwise thriving infants, this condition gradually became clearer once doctors began using routine sleep EEGs. Clinicians noticed that the brain’s electrical activity during sleep showed distinctive midline spikes and waves, even when the baby seemed comfortable and well between episodes.
From early reports, many thought these episodes might predict long-term problems. Over time, careful follow-up showed a gentler course: seizures starting in late infancy, often in clusters, with normal development before and after. In recent decades, awareness has grown that benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep fits within a broader group of self-limited infantile epilepsies. This shift came as researchers compared case series and recognized shared features—short-lived seizure phases, normal neurologic exams, and reassuring outcomes.
Building on this early work, scientists used overnight recordings to link the timing of seizures with the sleep-related spike-and-wave pattern. As more centers adopted standardized EEG techniques, the midline focus became a recognizable clue rather than a curiosity. Earlier labels varied, and some children were grouped under different epilepsy names, but accumulating evidence helped refine the diagnosis and reduce confusion with more serious conditions.
Advances in genetics added context but did not overturn the core clinical picture. While some self-limited infantile epilepsies have known genetic associations, many children with this specific EEG pattern have no identifiable genetic change, reinforcing that the diagnosis rests on the combination of age at onset, focal features, sleep EEG findings, and a benign course. These historical steps shifted care toward prompt recognition, family reassurance, and avoidance of unnecessary testing.
For many families, this history matters. Knowing how the understanding of benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep evolved—through bedside observation, sleep EEGs, and long-term follow-up—explains why doctors focus on safety, watchful monitoring, and choosing medicines only when needed. Despite evolving definitions, the central message has stayed consistent: most infants outgrow the seizures, keep developing on track, and do well.